Network Working Group R. Zakon
Request for Comments: 2235 MITRE
FYI: 32 November 1997
Category: Informational
Network Working Group R. Zakon
Request for Comments: 2235 MITRE
FYI: 32 November 1997
Category: Informational
Hobbes' Internet Timeline
霍布斯的互联网时间表
Status of this Memo
本备忘录的状况
This memo provides information for the Internet community. It does not specify an Internet standard of any kind. Distribution of this memo is unlimited.
本备忘录为互联网社区提供信息。它没有规定任何类型的互联网标准。本备忘录的分发不受限制。
Copyright Notice
版权公告
Copyright (C) Robert H. Zakon and The Internet Society (1997). All Rights Reserved.
版权所有（C）Robert H.Zakon和互联网协会（1997年）。版权所有。
This document presents a history of the Internet in timeline fashion, highlighting some of the key events and technologies which helped shape the Internet as we know it today. A growth summary of the Internet and some associated technologies is also included.
本文档以时间轴的方式展示了互联网的历史，重点介绍了一些关键事件和技术，这些事件和技术帮助我们塑造了今天的互联网。还包括互联网和一些相关技术的增长摘要。
Excerpted from the author's copyrighted work of the same name. The
most current version of Hobbes' Internet Timeline is available at
http://info.isoc.org/guest/zakon/Internet/History/HIT.html
Excerpted from the author's copyrighted work of the same name. The
most current version of Hobbes' Internet Timeline is available at
http://info.isoc.org/guest/zakon/Internet/History/HIT.html
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1950s
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1950s
1957 USSR launches Sputnik, first artificial earth satellite. In response, US forms the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) within the Department of Defense (DoD) to establish US lead in science and technology applicable to the military (:amk:)
1957年，苏联发射了第一颗人造地球卫星Sputnik。作为回应，美国在国防部（DoD）内成立了高级研究计划署（ARPA），以确立美国在适用于军事的科学技术方面的领先地位（：amk:）
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1960s
六十年代
1962 Paul Baran, RAND: "On Distributed Communications Networks" - Packet-switching (PS) networks; no single outage point
1962年Paul Baran，RAND：“分布式通信网络”——分组交换（PS）网络；没有单一停机点
1965 ARPA sponsors study on "cooperative network of time-sharing computers" - TX-2 at MIT Lincoln Lab and Q-32 at System Development Corporation (Santa Monica, CA) are directly linked (without packet switches)
1965年ARPA赞助了关于“分时计算机协作网络”的研究——麻省理工学院林肯实验室的TX-2和系统开发公司（加利福尼亚州圣莫尼卡）的Q-32直接连接（无分组交换机）
1967 ACM Symposium on Operating Principles - Plan presented for a packet-switching network - First design paper on ARPANET published by Lawrence G. Roberts
1967年ACM工作原理研讨会-分组交换网络计划-劳伦斯G.罗伯茨出版的第一篇ARPANET设计论文
National Physical Laboratory (NPL) in Middlesex, England develops NPL Data Network under D. W. Davies
英国米德尔塞克斯国家物理实验室（NPL）在D.W.戴维斯的领导下开发了NPL数据网络
1968 PS-network presented to the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA)
1968 PS网络提交给高级研究计划局（ARPA）
1969
ARPANET commissioned by DoD for research into networking
- First node at UCLA, Network Measurements Center
[SDS SIGMA 7, SEX] and soon after at:
- Stanford Research Institute (SRI), NIC [SDS940/Genie]
- UCSB, Culler-Fried Interactive Mathematics
[IBM 360/75, OS/MVT]
- Univ of Utah, Graphics [DEC PDP-10, Tenex]
- use of Information Message Processors (IMP) [Honeywell 516
mini computer with 12K of memory developed by Bolt Beranek
and Newman, Inc. (BBN)
1969
ARPANET commissioned by DoD for research into networking
- First node at UCLA, Network Measurements Center
[SDS SIGMA 7, SEX] and soon after at:
- Stanford Research Institute (SRI), NIC [SDS940/Genie]
- UCSB, Culler-Fried Interactive Mathematics
[IBM 360/75, OS/MVT]
- Univ of Utah, Graphics [DEC PDP-10, Tenex]
- use of Information Message Processors (IMP) [Honeywell 516
mini computer with 12K of memory developed by Bolt Beranek
and Newman, Inc. (BBN)
First Request for Comment (RFC): "Host Software" by Steve Crocker
第一次征求意见（RFC）：“主机软件”由Steve Crocker编写
Univ of Michigan, Michigan State and Wayne State Univ establish X.25-based Merit network for students, faculty, alumni (:sw1:)
密歇根大学、密歇根州立大学和韦恩州立大学为学生、教师、校友建立了基于X.25的择优网络（：sw1:）
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1970s
七十年代
Store-and-forward networks - Used electronic mail technology and extended it to conferencing
存储和转发网络-使用电子邮件技术并将其扩展到会议
1970 ALOHAnet developed by Norman Abrahamson, Univ of Hawaii (:sk2:) - connected to the ARPANET in 1972
1970年夏威夷大学诺曼·亚伯拉罕森（Norman Abrahamson）开发的ALOHAnet（：sk2:）-1972年连接到ARPANET
ARPANET hosts start using Network Control Protocol (NCP).
ARPANET主机开始使用网络控制协议（NCP）。
1971 15 nodes (23 hosts): UCLA, SRI, UCSB, Univ of Utah, BBN, MIT, RAND, SDC, Harvard, Lincoln Lab, Stanford, UIU(C), CWRU, CMU, NASA/Ames
1971 15个节点（23个主机）：加州大学洛杉矶分校、斯里兰卡分校、加州大学旧金山分校、犹他大学、BBN、麻省理工学院、兰德大学、SDC、哈佛大学、林肯实验室、斯坦福大学、UIU（C）、CWRU、CMU、NASA/Ames
Ray Tomlinson of BBN invents email program to send messages across a distributed network. The original program was derived from two others: an intra-machine email program (SNDMSG) and an experimental file transfer program (CPYNET) (:amk:irh:)
BBN公司的雷·汤姆林森发明了一种通过分布式网络发送消息的电子邮件程序。最初的程序是从另外两个程序派生出来的：一个机器内电子邮件程序（SNDMSG）和一个实验性文件传输程序（CPYNET）（：amk:irh:）
1972 International Conference on Computer Communications with demonstration of ARPANET between 40 machines and the Terminal Interface Processor (TIP) organized by Bob Kahn.
1972年国际计算机通信会议，由Bob Kahn组织，演示40台机器和终端接口处理器（TIP）之间的ARPANET。
InterNetworking Working Group (INWG) created to address need for establishing agreed upon protocols. Chairman: Vinton Cerf.
互联网工作组（INWG）的成立是为了解决建立商定协议的需要。主席：文顿中央应急基金。
Telnet specification (RFC 318)
Telnet规范（RFC 318）
1973 First international connections to the ARPANET: University College of London (England) and Royal Radar Establishment (Norway)
1973年第一个与ARPANET的国际连接：伦敦大学学院（英国）和皇家雷达机构（挪威）
Bob Metcalfe's Harvard PhD Thesis outlines idea for Ethernet (:amk:)
鲍勃·梅特卡夫（Bob Metcalfe）的哈佛博士论文概述了以太网的概念（：amk:）
Bob Kahn poses Internet problem, starts internetting research program at ARPA. Vinton Cerf sketches gateway architecture in March on back of envelope in hotel lobby in San Francisco (:vgc:)
鲍勃·卡恩提出互联网问题，在ARPA开始互联网研究项目。文顿·瑟夫在旧金山酒店大堂的信封背面勾勒出3月的门户建筑（VCG:）
Cerf and Kahn present basic Internet ideas at INWG in September at Univ of Sussex, Brighton, UK (:vgc:)
Cerf和Kahn于9月在英国布莱顿苏塞克斯大学（University of Sussex，Brighton，UK）（：vgc:）的INWG上介绍了互联网的基本理念
File Transfer specification (RFC 454)
文件传输规范（RFC 454）
1974 Vint Cerf and Bob Kahn publish "A Protocol for Packet Network Intercommunication" which specified in detail the design of a Transmission Control Program (TCP). [IEEE Trans Comm] (:amk:)
1974年，Vint Cerf和Bob Kahn发表了“分组网络内部通信协议”，详细说明了传输控制程序（TCP）的设计。[IEEE传输通信]（：amk:）
BBN opens Telenet, the first public packet data service (a commercial version of ARPANET) (:sk2:)
BBN开通了Telenet，这是第一个公共分组数据服务（ARPANET的商业版本）（：sk2:）
1975 Operational management of Internet transferred to DCA (now DISA)
1975年互联网运营管理移交给DCA（现为DISA）
"Jargon File", by Raphael Finkel at SAIL, first released (:esr:)
“行话文件”，由拉斐尔·芬克尔（Raphael Finkel）在赛欧创作，首次发布（：esr:）
Shockwave Rider written by John Brunner (:pds:)
约翰·布伦纳（John Brunner）撰写的《冲击波骑士》（PDF:）
1976 Elizabeth II, Queen of the United Kingdom sends out an e-mail (various Net folks have e-mailed dates ranging from 1971 to 1978; 1976 was the most submitted and the only found in print)
1976年英国女王伊丽莎白二世（Elizabeth II）发了一封电子邮件（不同的网民发电子邮件的日期从1971年到1978年不等；1976年是提交最多的，也是唯一的印刷版本）
UUCP (Unix-to-Unix CoPy) developed at AT&T Bell Labs and distributed with UNIX one year later.
UUCP（Unix到Unix的拷贝）由at&T贝尔实验室开发，一年后随Unix一起发布。
1977 THEORYNET created by Larry Landweber at Univ of Wisconsin providing electronic mail to over 100 researchers in computer science (using a locally developed email system and TELENET for access to server).
1977年，威斯康星州大学拉里·兰德韦伯创建了THEORYNET，为100多名计算机科学研究人员提供电子邮件（使用本地开发的电子邮件系统和TELENET访问服务器）。
Mail specification (RFC 733)
邮件规格（RFC 733）
Tymshare launches Tymnet
Tymshare推出Tymnet
First demonstration of ARPANET/Packet Radio Net/SATNET operation of Internet protocols with BBN-supplied gateways in July (:vgc:)
7月，通过BBN提供的网关首次演示了互联网协议的ARPANET/分组无线网络/SATNET操作（：vgc:）
1979 Meeting between Univ of Wisconsin, DARPA, NSF, and computer scientists from many universities to establish a Computer Science Department research computer network (organized by Larry Landweber)
1979年威斯康星大学、DARPA、NSF和许多大学的计算机科学家召开会议，建立计算机科学系研究计算机网络（由Larry Landweber组织）
USENET established using UUCP between Duke and UNC by Tom Truscott, Jim Ellis, and Steve Bellovin. All original groups were under net.* hierarchy.
USENET由汤姆·特拉斯科特、吉姆·埃利斯和史蒂夫·贝洛文在杜克大学和北卡罗来纳大学之间使用UUCP建立。所有原始组都在net.*层次结构下。
First MUD, MUD1, by Richard Bartle and Roy Trubshaw at U of Essex
埃塞克斯大学理查德·巴特尔和罗伊·特鲁布肖创作的第一部《泥巴，泥巴1》
ARPA establishes the Internet Configuration Control Board (ICCB)
ARPA建立互联网配置控制委员会（ICCB）
Packet Radio Network (PRNET) experiment starts with DARPA funding. Most communications take place between mobile vans. ARPANET connection via SRI.
数据包无线电网络（PRNET）实验从DARPA资助开始。大多数通信发生在移动货车之间。通过SRI连接ARPANET。
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1980s
八十年代
1981 BITNET, the "Because It's Time NETwork" - Started as a cooperative network at the City University of New York, with the first connection to Yale (:feg:) - Original acronym stood for 'There' instead of 'Time' in reference to the free NJE protocols provided with the IBM systems - Provides electronic mail and listserv servers to distribute information, as well as file transfers
1981比特网，“因为它是时间网络”-在纽约城市大学开始合作网络，第一次连接耶鲁（FEG:）-原始首字母缩略词代表“There”，而不是“Time”，指的是IBM系统提供的免费NJE协议-提供电子邮件和listserv服务器来分发信息以及文件传输
CSNET (Computer Science NETwork) built by a collaboration of computer scientists and Univ of Delaware, Purdue Univ, Univ of Wisconsin, RAND Corporation and BBN through seed money granted by NSF to provide networking services (especially email) to university scientists with no access to ARPANET. CSNET later becomes known as the Computer and Science Network. (:amk,lhl:)
CSNET（计算机科学网络）由计算机科学家与特拉华大学、普渡大学、威斯康星州大学、兰德公司和BBN合作，通过NSF提供的种子资金，为无法访问ARPANET的大学科学家提供网络服务（特别是电子邮件）。CSNET后来被称为计算机和科学网络。（：amk，lhl:）
Minitel (Teletel) is deployed across France by France Telecom.
Minitel（Teletel）由法国电信在法国各地部署。
True Names written by Vernor Vinge (:pds:)
Vernor Vinge书写的真实姓名（：pds:）
1982 DCA and ARPA establish the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and Internet Protocol (IP), as the protocol suite, commonly known as TCP/IP, for ARPANET. (:vgc:) - This leads to one of the first definitions of an "internet" as a connected set of networks, specifically those using TCP/IP, and "Internet" as connected TCP/IP internets. - DoD declares TCP/IP suite to be standard for DoD (:vgc:)
1982年DCA和ARPA建立了传输控制协议（TCP）和互联网协议（IP），作为ARPANET的协议套件，通常称为TCP/IP。（：vgc:）-这导致了“互联网”作为一组连接的网络的最初定义之一，特别是那些使用TCP/IP的网络，以及“互联网”作为连接的TCP/IP互联网国防部宣布TCP/IP套件为国防部标准（：vgc:）
EUnet (European UNIX Network) is created by EUUG to provide email and USENET services. (:glg:) - original connections between the Netherlands, Denmark, Sweden, and UK
EUnet（欧洲UNIX网络）由EUUG创建，提供电子邮件和USENET服务。（：glg:）-荷兰、丹麦、瑞典和英国之间的原始连接
External Gateway Protocol (RFC 827) specification. EGP is used for gateways between networks.
外部网关协议（RFC 827）规范。EGP用于网络之间的网关。
1983 Name server developed at Univ of Wisconsin, no longer requiring users to know the exact path to other systems.
1983年，威斯康星大学开发了名称服务器，不再要求用户知道到其他系统的确切路径。
Cutover from NCP to TCP/IP (1 January)
从NCP到TCP/IP的切换（1月1日）
CSNET / ARPANET gateway put in place
CSNET/ARPANET网关安装到位
ARPANET split into ARPANET and MILNET; the latter became integrated with the Defense Data Network created the previous year.
ARPANET分为ARPANET和MILNET；后者与去年创建的国防数据网络集成。
Desktop workstations come into being, many with Berkeley UNIX which includes IP networking software.
桌面工作站应运而生，其中许多是伯克利UNIX，其中包括IP网络软件。
Networking needs switch from having a single, large time sharing computer connected to the Internet at each site, to instead connecting entire local networks.
网络需要从每个站点都有一台大型分时计算机连接到Internet，转变为连接整个本地网络。
Internet Activities Board (IAB) established, replacing ICCB
互联网活动委员会（IAB）成立，取代ICCB
Berkeley releases 4.2BSD incorporating TCP/IP (:mpc:)
Berkeley发布了包含TCP/IP的4.2BSD（：mpc:）
EARN (European Academic and Research Network) established. Very similar to the way BITNET works with a gateway funded by IBM.
EARN（欧洲学术和研究网络）成立。非常类似于BITNET与IBM资助的网关的工作方式。
FidoNet developed by Tom Jennings.
汤姆·詹宁斯发明的提琴。
1984 Domain Name System (DNS) introduced.
1984年域名系统（DNS）推出。
Number of hosts breaks 1,000
主机数突破1000
JUNET (Japan Unix Network) established using UUCP.
JUNET（日本Unix网络）使用UUCP建立。
JANET (Joint Academic Network) established in the UK using the Coloured Book protocols; previously SERCnet.
JANET（联合学术网络）使用彩书协议在英国建立；以前是SERCnet。
Moderated newsgroups introduced on USENET (mod.*)
在USENET（mod.*）上引入的主持人新闻组
Neuromancer written by William Gibson
威廉·吉布森写的《神经巫师》
1985 Whole Earth 'Lectronic Link (WELL) started
1985年，全地球的电子链接（WELL）启动
Information Sciences Institute (ISI) at USC is given responsibility for DNS root management by DCA, and SRI for DNS NIC registrations
USC的信息科学研究所（ISI）由DCA负责DNS根目录管理，SRI负责DNS NIC注册
Symbolics.com is assigned on 15 March to become the first registered domain. Other firsts: cmu.edu, purdue.edu, rice.edu, ucla.edu (April); css.gov (June); mitre.org, .uk (July)
Symbolics.com于3月15日被指定为第一个注册域名。其他第一名：cmu.edu、purdue.edu、rice.edu、ucla.edu（4月）；css.gov（6月）；mitre.org.uk（7月）
100 years to the day of the last spike being driven on the cross-Canada railroad, the last Canadian university is connected to BITNET in a one year effort to have coast-to-coast connectivity. (:kf1:)
100年前，在跨加拿大铁路上行驶的最后一个尖峰，最后一所加拿大大学通过一年的努力连接到BITNET，以实现海岸到海岸的连接。（：kf1:）
1986 NSFNET created (backbone speed of 56Kbps) - NSF establishes 5 super-computing centers to provide high-computing power for all (JVNC@Princeton, PSC@Pittsburgh, SDSC@UCSD, NCSA@UIUC, Theory Center@Cornell). - This allows an explosion of connections, especially from universities.
1986年创建的NSFNET（主干速度为56Kbps）-NSF建立了5个超级计算中心，为所有人提供高计算能力(JVNC@Princeton, PSC@Pittsburgh, SDSC@UCSD, NCSA@UIUC学说Center@Cornell). - 这就允许了大量的联系，尤其是来自大学的联系。
NSF-funded SDSCNET, JVNCNET, SURANET, and NYSERNET operational (:sw1:)
NSF资助的SDSCNET、JVNCNET、SURANET和NYSERNET运营（：sw1:）
Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) and Internet Research Task Force (IRTF) comes into existence under the IAB. First IETF meeting held in January at Linkabit in San Diego
互联网工程任务组（IETF）和互联网研究任务组（IRTF）在IAB下成立。第一次IETF会议于1月在圣地亚哥的林卡比特举行
The first Freenet (Cleveland) comes on-line 16 July under the auspices of the Society for Public Access Computing (SoPAC). Later Freenet program management assumed by the National Public Telecomputing Network (NPTN) in 1989 (:sk2,rab:)
第一个自由网（克利夫兰）于7月16日在公共访问计算学会（SoPAC）的赞助下上线。1989年，国家公共电信网络（NPTN）承担了后来的Freenet项目管理（sk2，rab:）
Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP) designed to enhance Usenet news performance over TCP/IP.
网络新闻传输协议（NNTP），旨在通过TCP/IP提高Usenet新闻的性能。
Mail Exchanger (MX) records developed by Craig Partridge allow non-IP network hosts to have domain addresses.
Craig Partridge开发的邮件交换器（MX）记录允许非IP网络主机拥有域地址。
The great USENET name change; moderated newsgroups changed in 1987.
大USENET名称变更；1987年，主持人新闻组发生了变化。
BARRNET (Bay Area Regional Research Network) established using high speed links. Operational in 1987.
BARNET（湾区区域研究网络）使用高速链路建立。1987年开始运作。
1987 NSF signs a cooperative agreement to manage the NSFNET backbone with Merit Network, Inc. (IBM and MCI involvement was through an agreement with Merit). Merit, IBM, and MCI later founded ANS.
1987年，NSF与Merit Network，Inc.签署了一项合作协议，以管理NSFNET主干网（IBM和MCI通过与Merit的协议参与）。Merit、IBM和MCI后来成立了ANS。
UUNET is founded with Usenix funds to provide commercial UUCP and Usenet access. Originally an experiment by Rick Adams and Mike O'Dell
UUNET由Usenix基金成立，提供商业UUCP和Usenet接入。最初是Rick Adams和Mike O'Dell的一项实验
Email link established between Germany and China using CSNET protocols, with the first message from China sent on 20 September. (:wz1:)
使用CSNET协议在德国和中国之间建立了电子邮件链接，中国于9月20日发送了第一封邮件。（：wz1:）
1000th RFC: "Request For Comments reference guide"
第1000次RFC：“征求意见参考指南”
Number of hosts breaks 10,000
主机数突破10000
Number of BITNET hosts breaks 1,000
BITNET主机数突破1000
1988 2 November - Internet worm burrows through the Net, affecting ~6,000 of the 60,000 hosts on the Internet (:ph1:)
1988年11月2日-互联网蠕虫钻入网络，影响到互联网上60000台主机中的约6000台（：ph1:）
CERT (Computer Emergency Response Team) formed by DARPA in response to the needs exhibited during the Morris worm incident. The worm is the only advisory issued this year.
CERT（计算机应急响应小组），由DARPA根据莫里斯蠕虫事件期间的需求组建。蠕虫是今年发布的唯一一条建议。
DoD chooses to adopt OSI and sees use of TCP/IP as an interim. US Government OSI Profile (GOSIP) defines the set of protocols to be supported by Government purchased products (:gck:)
国防部选择采用OSI，并将TCP/IP的使用视为一种过渡。美国政府OSI配置文件（GOSIP）定义了政府购买的产品所支持的协议集（：gck:）
Los Nettos network created with no federal funding, instead supported by regional members (founding: Caltech, TIS, UCLA, USC, ISI).
Los Nettos网络是在没有联邦资金的情况下创建的，而是由地区成员支持（创建：加州理工学院、TIS、加州大学洛杉矶分校、南加州大学、ISI）。
NSFNET backbone upgraded to T1 (1.544Mbps)
NSFNET主干网升级为T1（1.544Mbps）
CERFnet (California Education and Research Federation network) founded by Susan Estrada.
CERFnet（加利福尼亚教育和研究联盟网络），由Susan Estrada创建。
Internet Relay Chat (IRC) developed by Jarkko Oikarinen (:zby:)
互联网中继聊天（IRC）由Jarkko Oikarinen开发（：zby:）
First Canadian regionals join NSFNET: ONet via Cornell, RISQ via Princeton, BCnet via Univ of Washington (:ec1:)
第一批加拿大地区加入NSFNET：ONet通过康奈尔大学，RISQ通过普林斯顿大学，BCnet通过华盛顿大学（：ec1:）
FidoNet gets connected to the Net, enabling the exchange of e-mail and news (:tp1:)
FidoNet连接到网络，实现电子邮件和新闻的交换（：tp1:）
Countries connecting to NSFNET: Canada (CA), Denmark (DK), Finland (FI), France (FR), Iceland (IS), Norway (NO), Sweden (SE)
连接到NSFNET的国家：加拿大（CA）、丹麦（DK）、芬兰（FI）、法国（FR）、冰岛（IS）、挪威（NO）、瑞典（SE）
1989 Number of hosts breaks 100,000
1989年主机数量突破10万台
RIPE (Reseaux IP Europeens) formed (by European service providers) to ensure the necessary administrative and technical coordination to allow the operation of the pan-European IP Network. (:glg:)
（由欧洲服务提供商）成立的RIME（Reseaux IP Europeen），以确保必要的行政和技术协调，以允许泛欧洲IP网络的运行。（：glg:）
First relays between a commercial electronic mail carrier and the Internet: MCI Mail through the Corporation for the National Research Initiative (CNRI), and Compuserve through Ohio State Univ (:jg1,ph1:)
商业电子邮件载体和互联网之间的第一次中继：MCI邮件通过国家研究计划公司（CNRI）发送，Compuserve通过俄亥俄州立大学发送（：jg1，ph1:）
Corporation for Research and Education Networking (CREN) is formed by merging CSNET into BITNET
研究和教育网络公司（CREN）是通过将CSNET合并到BITNET而成立的
AARNET - Australian Academic Research Network - set up by AVCC and CSIRO; introduced into service the following year (:gmc:)
AARNET——澳大利亚学术研究网络——由澳大利亚学术研究中心（AVCC）和澳大利亚科学与工业研究组织（CSIRO）建立；第二年投入使用（：gmc:）
Cuckoo's Egg written by Clifford Stoll tells the real-life tale of a German cracker group who infiltrated numerous US facilities
克利福德·斯托尔（Clifford Stoll）的《布谷鸟的蛋》讲述了一个德国饼干集团渗透到美国许多设施的真实故事
CERT advisories: 7
证书咨询：7
Countries connecting to NSFNET: Australia (AU), Germany (DE), Israel (IL), Italy (IT), Japan (JP), Mexico (MX), Netherlands (NL), New Zealand (NZ), Puerto Rico (PR), United Kingdom (UK)
连接到NSFNET的国家：澳大利亚（非盟）、德国（DE）、以色列（IL）、意大利（IT）、日本（JP）、墨西哥（MX）、荷兰（NL）、新西兰（新西兰）、波多黎各（PR）、英国（英国）
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1990s
九十年代
1990 ARPANET ceases to exist
1990年阿帕网不复存在
Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF) is founded by Mitch Kapor
电子前沿基金会（EFF）由米切尔.卡普尔创立
Archie released by Peter Deutsch, Alan Emtage, and Bill Heelan at McGill
阿奇由麦吉尔的彼得·德伊奇、艾伦·埃姆塔奇和比尔·希兰发行
Hytelnet released by Peter Scott (Univ of Saskatchewan)
彼得·斯科特（萨斯喀彻温大学）发布的Hytelnet
The World comes on-line (world.std.com), becoming the first commercial provider of Internet dial-up access
世界在线（World.std.com），成为第一家互联网拨号接入的商业提供商
ISO Development Environment (ISODE) developed to provide an approach for OSI migration for the DoD. ISODE software allows OSI application to operate over TCP/IP (:gck:)
ISO开发环境（ISODE）旨在为国防部提供OSI迁移方法。ISODE软件允许OSI应用程序在TCP/IP上运行（：gck:）
CA*net formed by 10 regional networks as national Canadian backbone with direct connection to NSFNET (:ec1:)
CA*net由10个区域网络组成，作为加拿大国家主干网，直接连接到NSFNET（：ec1:）
The first remotely operated machine to be hooked up to the Internet, the Internet Toaster, (controlled via SNMP) makes its debut at Interop.
第一台连接到互联网的远程操作机器，互联网烤面包机（通过SNMP控制）在Interop首次亮相。
CERT advisories: 12, reports: 130
证书咨询：12份，报告：130份
Countries connecting to NSFNET: Argentina (AR), Austria (AT), Belgium (BE), Brazil (BR), Chile (CL), Greece (GR), India (IN), Ireland (IE), Korea (KR), Spain (ES), Switzerland (CH)
连接到NSFNET的国家：阿根廷（AR）、奥地利（AT）、比利时（BE）、巴西（BR）、智利（CL）、希腊（GR）、印度（IN）、爱尔兰（IE）、韩国（KR）、西班牙（ES）、瑞士（CH）
1991 Commercial Internet eXchange (CIX) Association, Inc. formed by General Atomics (CERFnet), Performance Systems International, Inc. (PSInet), and UUNET Technologies, Inc. (AlterNet), after NSF lifts restrictions on the commercial use of the Net (:glg:)
1991年美国国家科学基金会解除对网络商业使用的限制后，由通用原子公司（CERFnet）、性能系统国际公司（PSInet）和UUNET技术公司（AlterNet）组成的商业互联网交换（CIX）协会（：glg:）
Wide Area Information Servers (WAIS), invented by Brewster Kahle, released by Thinking Machines Corporation
广域信息服务器（WAI），由布鲁斯特·卡勒发明，由思维机器公司发布
Gopher released by Paul Lindner and Mark P. McCahill from the Univ of Minnessota
由明尼索塔大学的保罗·林德纳和马克·麦卡希尔发布的《地鼠》
World-Wide Web (WWW) released by CERN; Tim Berners-Lee developer (:pb1:)
CERN发布的万维网（WWW）；Tim Berners Lee开发者（：pb1:）
PGP (Pretty Good Privacy) released by Philip Zimmerman (:ad1:)
Philip Zimmerman发布的PGP（相当好的隐私）（ad1:）
US High Performance Computing Act (Gore 1) establishes the National Research and Education Network (NREN)
美国高性能计算法（Gore 1）建立了国家研究和教育网络（NREN）
NSFNET backbone upgraded to T3 (44.736Mbps)
NSFNET主干网升级至T3（44.736Mbps）
NSFNET traffic passes 1 trillion bytes/month and 10 billion packets/month
NSFNET流量每月超过1万亿字节，每月超过100亿个数据包
Defense Data Network NIC contract awarded by DISA to Government Systems Inc. who takes over from SRI in May
国防数据网络NIC合同由DISA授予政府系统公司（Government Systems Inc.），后者于5月从SRI接管
Start of JANET IP Service (JIPS) which signalled the changeover from Coloured Book software to TCP/IP within the UK academic network. IP was initially 'tunnelled' within X.25. (:gst:)
JANET IP服务（JIPS）的启动标志着英国学术网络从彩书软件向TCP/IP的转变。IP最初在X.25内“隧道化”。（：商品及服务税：）
CERT advisories: 23
证书咨询：23
Countries connecting to NSFNET: Croatia (HR), Czech Repulic (CZ), Hong Kong (HK), Hungary (HU), Poland (PL), Portugal (PT), Singapore (SG), South Africa (ZA), Taiwan (TW), Tunisia (TN)
连接NSFNET的国家：克罗地亚（HR）、捷克（CZ）、香港（HK）、匈牙利（胡）、波兰（PL）、葡萄牙（PT）、新加坡（SG）、南非（ZA）、台湾（TW）、突尼斯（TN）
1992 Internet Society (ISOC) is chartered
1992年互联网协会（ISOC）特许成立
Number of hosts breaks 1,000,000
主机数突破1000000
First MBONE audio multicast (March) and video multicast (November)
首次MBONE音频多播（3月）和视频多播（11月）
RIPE Network Coordination Center (NCC) created in April to provide address registration and coordination services to the European Internet community (:dk1:)
四月份创建的成熟网络协调中心（NCC），为欧洲互联网社区提供地址注册和协调服务（：dk1:）
IAB reconstituted as the Internet Architecture Board and becomes part of the Internet Society
IAB重组为互联网架构委员会，成为互联网社会的一部分
Veronica, a gopherspace search tool, is released by Univ of Nevada
Veronica是一种地鼠空间搜索工具，由内华达大学发布
World Bank comes on-line
世界银行上线
Japan's first ISP, Internet Initiative Japan (IIJ), is formed by Koichi Suzuki
日本第一家ISP，日本互联网倡议（IIJ），由铃木光一组建
The term "Surfing the Internet" is coined by Jean Armour Polly (:jap:)
“上网”一词是让·阿莫尔·波利（Jean Armour Polly）创造的
Internet Hunt started by Rick Gates
里克·盖茨发起的互联网搜寻
CERT advisories: 21, reports: 800
证书咨询：21份，报告：800份
Countries connecting to NSFNET: Antarctica (AQ), Cameroon (CM), Cyprus (CY), Ecuador (EC), Estonia (EE), Kuwait (KW), Latvia (LV), Luxembourg (LU), Malaysia (MY), Slovakia (SK), Slovenia (SI), Thailand (TH), Venezuela (VE)
连接NSFNET的国家：南极洲（AQ）、喀麦隆（CM）、塞浦路斯（CY）、厄瓜多尔（EC）、爱沙尼亚（EE）、科威特（KW）、拉脱维亚（LV）、卢森堡（LU）、马来西亚（MY）、斯洛伐克（SK）、斯洛文尼亚（SI）、泰国（TH）、委内瑞拉（VE）
1993 InterNIC created by NSF to provide specific Internet services: (:sc1:) - directory and database services (AT&T) - registration services (Network Solutions Inc.) - information services (General Atomics/CERFnet)
1993年由NSF创建的InterNIC，提供特定的互联网服务：（：sc1:）-目录和数据库服务（AT&T）-注册服务（网络解决方案公司）-信息服务（通用原子能公司/CERFnet）
US White House comes on-line (http://www.whitehouse.gov/):
- President Bill Clinton: president@whitehouse.gov
- Vice-President Al Gore: vice-president@whitehouse.gov
US White House comes on-line (http://www.whitehouse.gov/):
- President Bill Clinton: president@whitehouse.gov
- Vice-President Al Gore: vice-president@whitehouse.gov
Worms of a new kind find their way around the Net - WWW Worms (W4), joined by Spiders, Wanderers, Crawlers, and Snakes ...
一种新的蠕虫在网络中找到了它们的踪迹——WWW蠕虫（W4），蜘蛛、流浪者、爬虫和蛇加入其中。。。
Internet Talk Radio begins broadcasting (:sk2:)
互联网谈话电台开始广播（：sk2:）
United Nations (UN) comes on-line (:vgc:)
联合国（UN）上线（：vgc:）
US National Information Infrastructure Act
美国国家信息基础设施法案
Businesses and media really take notice of the Internet
企业和媒体确实注意到了互联网
Mosaic takes the Internet by storm; WWW proliferates at a 341,634% annual growth rate of service traffic. Gopher's growth is 997%.
马赛克风靡互联网；WWW以每年341634%的服务流量增长率增长。地鼠的增长率为997%。
CERT advisories: 18, reports: 1300
证书咨询：18份，报告：1300份
Countries connecting to NSFNET: Bulgaria (BG), Costa Rica (CR), Egypt (EG), Fiji (FJ), Ghana (GH), Guam (GU), Indonesia (ID), Kazakhstan (KZ), Kenya (KE), Liechtenstein (LI), Peru (PE), Romania (RO), Russian Federation (RU), Turkey (TR), Ukraine (UA), UAE (AE), US Virgin Islands (VI)
连接NSFNET的国家：保加利亚（BG）、哥斯达黎加（CR）、埃及（EG）、斐济（FJ）、加纳（GH）、关岛（GU）、印度尼西亚（ID）、哈萨克斯坦（KZ）、肯尼亚（KE）、列支敦士登（LI）、秘鲁（PE）、罗马尼亚（RO）、俄罗斯联邦（RU）、土耳其（TR）、乌克兰（UA）、阿联酋（AE）、美属维尔京群岛（VI）
1994 ARPANET/Internet celebrates 25th anniversary
1994年ARPANET/互联网庆祝25周年
Communities begin to be wired up directly to the Internet (Lexington and Cambridge, MA, USA)
社区开始直接连接到互联网（美国马萨诸塞州列克星敦和剑桥）
US Senate and House provide information servers
美国参众两院提供信息服务器
Shopping malls arrive on the Internet
购物中心上网
First cyberstation, RT-FM, broadcasts from Interop in Las Vegas
第一个网络电台，RT-FM，在拉斯维加斯的Interop广播
The National Institute for Standards and Technology (NIST) suggests that GOSIP should incorporate TCP/IP and drop the "OSI-only" requirement (:gck:)
国家标准与技术研究所（NIST）建议GOSIP应包含TCP/IP，并放弃“仅OSI”要求（：gck:）
Arizona law firm of Canter & Siegel "spams" the Internet with email advertising green card lottery services; Net citizens flame back
亚利桑那州Canter&Siegel律师事务所通过电子邮件“垃圾邮件”在互联网上宣传绿卡彩票服务；网络公民回击
NSFNET traffic passes 10 trillion bytes/month
NSFNET流量超过10万亿字节/月
Yes, it's true - you can now order pizza from the Hut online
是的，这是真的-你现在可以在网上从小屋订购披萨了
WWW edges out telnet to become 2nd most popular service on the Net (behind ftp-data) based on % of packets and bytes traffic distribution on NSFNET
基于NSFNET上%的数据包和字节流量分布，WWW超越telnet成为网络上第二大最受欢迎的服务（仅次于ftp数据）
Japanese Prime Minister on-line
日本首相上网
UK's HM Treasury on-line
英国财政部在线
New Zealand's Info Tech Prime Minister on-line
新西兰信息技术总理在线
First Virtual, the first cyberbank, open up for business
第一家虚拟银行，第一家网络银行，开放业务
Radio stations start rockin' (rebroadcasting) round the clock on the Net: WXYC at Univ of NC, WJHK at Univ of KS-Lawrence, KUGS at Western WA Univ
无线电台开始在网络上24小时播放摇滚乐：北卡罗来纳大学的WXYC，KS劳伦斯大学的WJHK，西佤大学的KUGS
Trans-European Research and Education Network Association (TERENA) is formed by the merger of RARE and EARN, with representatives from 38 countries as well as CERN and ECMWF. TERERNA's aim is to
泛欧研究和教育网络协会（TERENA）由RARE和EARN合并而成，代表来自38个国家以及CERN和ECMWF。泰瑞娜的目标是
"promote and participate in the development of a high quality international information and telecommunications infrastructure for the benefit of research and education"
“促进和参与高质量国际信息和电信基础设施的发展，以利于研究和教育”
CERT advisories: 15, reports: 2300
证书咨询：15份，报告：2300份
Countries connecting to NSFNET: Algeria (DZ), Armenia (AM), Bermuda (BM), Burkina Faso (BF), China (CN), Colombia (CO), Jamaica (JM), Lebanon (LB), Lithuania (LT), Macau (MO), Morocco (MA), New Caledonia, Nicaragua (NI), Niger (NE), Panama (PA), Philippines (PH), Senegal (SN), Sri Lanka (LK), Swaziland (SZ), Uruguay (UY), Uzbekistan (UZ)
连接到NSFNET的国家：阿尔及利亚（DZ）、亚美尼亚（AM）、百慕大（BM）、布基纳法索（BF）、中国（CN）、哥伦比亚（CO）、牙买加（JM）、黎巴嫩（LB）、立陶宛（LT）、澳门（MO）、摩洛哥（MA）、新喀里多尼亚、尼加拉瓜（NI）、尼日尔（NE）、巴拿马（PA）、菲律宾（PH）、塞内加尔（SN）、斯里兰卡（LK）、斯威士兰（SZ）、乌拉圭（UY）、乌兹别克斯坦（UZ）
1995 NSFNET reverts back to a research network. Main US backbone traffic now routed through interconnected network providers
1995年，NSFNET恢复为一个研究网络。美国主干网的主要流量现在通过互联网络提供商路由
The new NSFNET is born as NSF establishes the very high speed Backbone Network Service (vBNS) linking super-computing centers: NCAR, NCSA, SDSC, CTC, PSC
随着NSF建立连接超级计算中心（NCAR、NCSA、SDSC、CTC、PSC）的超高速主干网服务（vBNS），新的NSFNET诞生了
Hong Kong police disconnect all but 1 of the colony's Internet providers in search of a hacker. 10,000 people are left without Net access. (:api:)
香港警方切断了1的殖民地互联网提供商寻找黑客。1万人无法上网。（：api:）
RealAudio, an audio streaming technology, lets the Net hear in near real-time
RealAudio是一种音频流技术，它可以让网络近实时地听到声音
Radio HK, the first 24 hr., Internet-only radio station starts broadcasting
香港电台，第一个24小时全互联网广播电台开始广播
WWW surpasses ftp-data in March as the service with greatest traffic on NSFNet based on packet count, and in April based on byte count
根据数据包计数，3月份WWW超过ftp数据，成为NSFNet上流量最大的服务，4月份则是字节计数
Traditional online dial-up systems (Compuserve, America Online, Prodigy) begin to provide Internet access
传统的在线拨号系统（Compuserve、America online、Prodigy）开始提供互联网接入
A number of Net related companies go public, with Netscape leading the pack with the 3rd largest ever NASDAQ IPO share value (9 August)
许多与网络相关的公司上市，网景公司以纳斯达克有史以来第三大IPO市值（8月9日）领跑
Thousands in Minneapolis-St. Paul (USA) lose Net access after transients start a bonfire under a bridge at the Univ of MN causing fiber-optic cables to melt (30 July)
在明尼苏达大学一座桥下发生的瞬变引发篝火导致光纤电缆熔化后，美国明尼阿波利斯-圣保罗（Minneapolis-St.Paul）的数千人无法上网（7月30日）
Registration of domain names is no longer free. Beginning 14 September, a $50 annual fee has been imposed, which up until now was subsidized by NSF. NSF continues to pay for .edu registration, and on an interim basis for .gov
域名注册不再是免费的。从9月14日开始，每年收取50美元的费用，到目前为止，该费用由NSF补贴。NSF继续为.edu注册付费，并临时为.gov付费
The Vatican comes on-line
梵蒂冈在线
The Canadian Government comes on-line
加拿大政府上线了
The first official Internet wiretap was successful in helping the Secret Service and Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA) aprehend three individuals who were illegally manufacturing and selling cell phone cloning equipment and electronic devices
第一次官方互联网窃听成功帮助特勤局和缉毒局（DEA）逮捕了三名非法制造和销售手机克隆设备和电子设备的个人
Operation Home Front connects, for the first time, soldiers in the field with their families back home via the Internet.
“家庭前线行动”首次通过互联网将战场上的士兵与其家人联系在一起。
Richard White becomes the first person to be declared a munition, under the USA's arms export control laws, because of an RSA file security encryption program emblazoned on his arm (:wired496:)
理查德·怀特成为第一个根据美国武器出口管制法被宣布为军火的人，因为他手臂上印有RSA文件安全加密程序（：wired496:）
CERT advisories: 18, reports: 2412
证书咨询：18份，报告：2412份
Country domains registered: Ethiopia (ET), Cote d'Ivoire (CI), Cook Islands (CK) Cayman Islands (KY), Anguilla (AI), Gibraltar (GI), Vatican (VA), Kiribati (KI), Kyrgyzstan (KG), Madagascar (MG), Mauritius (MU), Micronesia (FM), Monaco (MC), Mongolia (MN), Nepal (NP), Nigeria (NG), Western Samoa (WS), San Marino (SM), Tanzania (TZ), Tonga (TO), Uganda (UG), Vanuatu (VU)
已注册的国家域名：埃塞俄比亚（ET）、科特迪瓦（CI）、库克群岛（CK）、开曼群岛（KY）、安圭拉（AI）、直布罗陀（GI）、梵蒂冈（VA）、基里巴斯（Kiribati）、吉尔吉斯斯坦（KG）、马达加斯加（MG）、毛里求斯（MU）、密克罗尼西亚（FM）、摩纳哥（MC）、蒙古（MN）、尼泊尔（NP）、尼日利亚（NG）、西萨摩亚（WS）、圣马力诺（SM）、坦桑尼亚（TZ）、汤加（TO），乌干达（UG）、瓦努阿图（VU）
Technologies of the Year: WWW, Search engines Emerging Technologies: Mobile code (JAVA, JAVAscript), Virtual environments (VRML), Collaborative tools
年度技术：WWW、搜索引擎新兴技术：移动代码（JAVA、JAVAscript）、虚拟环境（VRML）、协作工具
1996 Internet phones catch the attention of US telecommunication companies who ask the US Congress to ban the technology (which has been around for years)
1996年互联网电话引起了美国电信公司的注意，他们要求美国国会禁止这项技术（这项技术已经存在多年）
The controversial US Communications Decency Act (CDA) becomes law in the US in order to prohibit distribution of indecent materials over the Net. A few months later a three-judge panel imposes an injunction against its enforcement. Supreme Court unanimously rules most of it unconstitutional in 1997.
备受争议的《美国通信礼仪法》（CDA）在美国成为法律，以禁止通过网络传播不雅材料。几个月后，一个由三名法官组成的陪审团强制执行禁令。最高法院在1997年一致裁定其中大部分内容违宪。
9,272 organizations find themselves unlisted after the InterNIC drops their name service as a result of not having paid their domain name fee
9272家机构发现，由于没有支付域名费，InterNIC放弃了其域名服务后，他们自己没有上市
Various ISPs suffer extended service outages, bringing into question whether they will be able to handle the growing number of users. AOL (19 hours), Netcom (13 hours), AT&T WorldNet (28 hours - email only)
各种ISP遭受长期服务中断，这使人们怀疑他们是否能够处理不断增长的用户数量。美国在线（19小时）、网通（13小时）、美国电话电报公司世界网（28小时-仅电子邮件）
New Yorks' Public Access Networks Corp (PANIX) is shut down after repeated SYN attacks by a cracker using methods outlined in a hacker magazine (2600)
纽约公共接入网络公司（PANIX）在一名黑客使用一本黑客杂志（2600）中概述的方法多次进行SYN攻击后关闭
Various US Government sites are hacked into and their content changed, including CIA, Department of Justice, Air Force
各种美国政府网站被黑客入侵，其内容也发生了变化，包括中央情报局、司法部、空军
MCI upgrades Internet backbone adding ~13,000 ports, bringing the effective speed from 155Mbps to 622Mbps.
MCI升级了Internet主干网，增加了约13000个端口，使有效速度从155Mbps提高到622Mbps。
The Internet Ad Hoc Committee announces plans to add 7 new generic Top Level Domains (gTLD): .firm, .store, .web, .arts, .rec, .info, registrars worldwide.
互联网特设委员会宣布计划在全球范围内增加7个通用顶级域名（gTLD）：.firm、.store、.web、.arts、.rec、.info、注册商。
A malicious cancelbot is released on USENET wiping out more than 25,000 messages.
在USENET上发布了一个恶意的cancelbot，清除了25000多条消息。
The WWW browser war, fought primarily between Netscape and Microsoft, has rushed in a new age in software development, whereby new releases are made quarterly with the help of Internet users eager to test upcoming (beta) versions.
主要在网景和微软之间展开的WWW浏览器之战已经进入了软件开发的新时代，在渴望测试即将到来的（beta）版本的互联网用户的帮助下，每季度发布一次新版本。
Restrictions on Internet use around the world:
- China: requires users and ISPs to register with the police
- Germany: cuts off access to some newsgroups carried on
Compuserve
- Saudi Arabia: confines Internet access to universities and
hospitals
- Singapore: requires political and religious content providers
to register with the state
- New Zealand: classifies computer disks as "publications" that
can be censored and seized
- source: Human Rights Watch
Restrictions on Internet use around the world:
- China: requires users and ISPs to register with the police
- Germany: cuts off access to some newsgroups carried on
Compuserve
- Saudi Arabia: confines Internet access to universities and
hospitals
- Singapore: requires political and religious content providers
to register with the state
- New Zealand: classifies computer disks as "publications" that
can be censored and seized
- source: Human Rights Watch
vBNS additions: Baylor College of Medicine, Georgia Tech, Iowa State Univ, Ohio State Univ, Old Dominion Univ, Univ of CA, Univ of CO, Univ of Chicago, Univ of IL, Univ of MN, Univ of PA, Univ of TX, Rice Univ
vBNS补充：贝勒医学院、佐治亚理工大学、爱荷华州立大学、俄亥俄州立大学、老自治领大学、加利福尼亚大学、科罗拉多大学、芝加哥大学、伊利诺伊大学、明尼苏达大学、宾夕法尼亚大学、德克萨斯大学、莱斯大学
CERT advisories: 27, reports: 2573
证书咨询：27份，报告：2573份
Country domains registered: Qatar (QA), Vientiane (LA), Djibouti (DJ), Niger (NE), Central African Republic (CF), Mauretania (MF), Oman (OM), Norfolk Island (NF), Tuvalu (TV), French Polynesia (PF), Syria (SY), Aruba (AW), Cambodia (KH), French Guiana (GF), Eritrea (ER), Cape Verde (CV), Burundi (BI), Benin (BJ) Bosnia-Hercegovina (BA), Andorra (AD), Guadeloupe (GP), Guernsey (GG), Isle of Man (IM), Jersey (JE), Lao (LA), Maldives (MV), Marshall Islands (MH), Mauritania (MR), Northern Mariana Islands (MP), Rwanda (RW), Togo (TG), Yemen (YE), Zaire (ZR)
已注册的国家域名：卡塔尔（QA）、万象（LA）、吉布提（DJ）、尼日尔（NE）、中非共和国（CF）、毛里塔尼亚（MF）、阿曼（OM）、诺福克岛（NF）、图瓦卢（TV）、法属波利尼西亚（PF）、叙利亚（SY）、阿鲁巴（AW）、柬埔寨（KH）、法属圭亚那（GF）、厄立特里亚（ER）、佛得角（CV）、布隆迪（BI）、贝宁（BJ）、波斯尼亚（BA）、安道尔（AD）、瓜德罗普岛（GP）、根西岛（GG）、马恩岛（IM）、泽西岛（JE）、老挝（LA）、马尔代夫（MV）、马绍尔群岛（MH）、毛里塔尼亚（MR）、北马里亚纳群岛（MP）、卢旺达（RW）、多哥（TG）、也门（YE）、扎伊尔（ZR）
Technologies of the Year: Search engines, JAVA, Internet Phone Emerging Technologies: Virtual environments (VRML), Collaborative tools, Internet appliance (Network Computer)
年度技术：搜索引擎、JAVA、互联网电话新兴技术：虚拟环境（VRML）、协作工具、互联网设备（网络计算机）
1997 2000th RFC: "Internet Official Protocol Standards"
1997年第2000届RFC：“互联网官方协议标准”
71,618 mailing lists registered at Liszt, a mailing list directory
71618个邮件列表在李斯特注册，李斯特是一个邮件列表目录
The American Registry for Internet Numbers (ARIN) is established to handle administration and registration of IP numbers to the geographical areas currently handled by Network Solutions (InterNIC), starting March 1998.
美国互联网号码注册中心（ARIN）成立于1998年3月，负责网络解决方案（InterNIC）目前处理的地理区域的IP号码管理和注册。
Early in the morning of 17 July, human error at Network Solutions causes the DNS table for .com and .net domains to become corrupted, making millions of systems unreachable.
7月17日清晨，网络解决方案的人为错误导致.com和.net域的DNS表损坏，使数百万系统无法访问。
Longest hostname registered with InterNIC: CHALLENGER.MED.SYNAPSE.UAH.UALBERTA.CA
在InterNIC注册的最长主机名：CHALLENGER.MED.SYNAPSE.UAH.UALBERTA.CA
101,803 Name Servers in whois database
whois数据库中的101803名称服务器
CERT advisories thus far: 23
迄今为止的CERT咨询：23
Country domains registered: Falkland Islands (FK), East Timor (TP), Congo (CG), Christmas Island (CX), Gambia (GM), Guinea-Bissau (GW), Haiti (HT), Iraq (IQ), Lybia (LY), Malawi (MW), Martinique (MQ), Montserrat (MS), Myanmar (MM), French Reunion Island (RE), Seychelles (SC), Sierra Leone (SL), Sudan (SD), Turkmenistan (TM), Turks and Caicos Islands (TC), British Virgin Islands (VG)
注册国家域名：福克兰群岛（FK）、东帝汶（TP）、刚果（CG）、圣诞岛（CX）、冈比亚（GM）、几内亚比绍（GW）、海地（HT）、伊拉克（IQ）、利比亚（LY）、马拉维（MW）、马提尼克（MQ）、蒙特塞拉特（MS）、缅甸（MM）、法国留尼汪岛（RE）、塞舌尔（SC）、塞拉利昂（SL）、苏丹（SD）、土库曼斯坦（TM），特克斯和凯科斯群岛（TC）、英属维尔京群岛（VG）
Technologies of the Year: Push, Multicasting Emerging Technologies:
Push, Streaming Media [:twc:]
Technologies of the Year: Push, Multicasting Emerging Technologies:
Push, Streaming Media [:twc:]
---------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------
Growth
发育
Internet growth:
互联网增长：
Date Hosts | Date Hosts Networks Domains
----- --------- + ----- --------- -------- ---------
1969 4 | 07/89 130,000 650 3,900
04/71 23 | 10/89 159,000 837
06/74 62 | 10/90 313,000 2,063 9,300
03/77 111 | 01/91 376,000 2,338
08/81 213 | 07/91 535,000 3,086 16,000
05/82 235 | 10/91 617,000 3,556 18,000
08/83 562 | 01/92 727,000 4,526
10/84 1,024 | 04/92 890,000 5,291 20,000
10/85 1,961 | 07/92 992,000 6,569 16,300
02/86 2,308 | 10/92 1,136,000 7,505 18,100
11/86 5,089 | 01/93 1,313,000 8,258 21,000
12/87 28,174 | 04/93 1,486,000 9,722 22,000
07/88 33,000 | 07/93 1,776,000 13,767 26,000
10/88 56,000 | 10/93 2,056,000 16,533 28,000
01/89 80,000 | 01/94 2,217,000 20,539 30,000
| 07/94 3,212,000 25,210 46,000
| 10/94 3,864,000 37,022 56,000
| 01/95 4,852,000 39,410 71,000
| 07/95 6,642,000 61,538 120,000
| 01/96 9,472,000 93,671 240,000
| 07/96 12,881,000 134,365 488,000
| 01/97 16,146,000 828,000
| 07/97 19,540,000 1,301,000
Date Hosts | Date Hosts Networks Domains
----- --------- + ----- --------- -------- ---------
1969 4 | 07/89 130,000 650 3,900
04/71 23 | 10/89 159,000 837
06/74 62 | 10/90 313,000 2,063 9,300
03/77 111 | 01/91 376,000 2,338
08/81 213 | 07/91 535,000 3,086 16,000
05/82 235 | 10/91 617,000 3,556 18,000
08/83 562 | 01/92 727,000 4,526
10/84 1,024 | 04/92 890,000 5,291 20,000
10/85 1,961 | 07/92 992,000 6,569 16,300
02/86 2,308 | 10/92 1,136,000 7,505 18,100
11/86 5,089 | 01/93 1,313,000 8,258 21,000
12/87 28,174 | 04/93 1,486,000 9,722 22,000
07/88 33,000 | 07/93 1,776,000 13,767 26,000
10/88 56,000 | 10/93 2,056,000 16,533 28,000
01/89 80,000 | 01/94 2,217,000 20,539 30,000
| 07/94 3,212,000 25,210 46,000
| 10/94 3,864,000 37,022 56,000
| 01/95 4,852,000 39,410 71,000
| 07/95 6,642,000 61,538 120,000
| 01/96 9,472,000 93,671 240,000
| 07/96 12,881,000 134,365 488,000
| 01/97 16,146,000 828,000
| 07/97 19,540,000 1,301,000
Worldwide Networks Growth: (I)nternet (B)ITNET (U)UCP (F)IDONET (O)SI
全球网络的增长：（I）互联网（B）ITNET（U）UCP（F）IDONET（O）SI
____# Countries____ ____# Countries____
Date I B U F O Date I B U F O
----- --- --- --- --- --- ----- --- --- --- --- ---
09/91 31 47 79 49 02/94 62 51 125 88 31
12/91 33 46 78 53 07/94 75 52 129 89 31
02/92 38 46 92 63 11/94 81 51 133 95 --
04/92 40 47 90 66 25 02/95 86 48 141 98 --
08/92 49 46 89 67 26 06/95 96 47 144 99 --
01/93 50 50 101 72 31 06/96 134 -- 146 108 --
04/93 56 51 107 79 31 07/97 171 -- 147 108 --
08/93 59 51 117 84 31
____# Countries____ ____# Countries____
Date I B U F O Date I B U F O
----- --- --- --- --- --- ----- --- --- --- --- ---
09/91 31 47 79 49 02/94 62 51 125 88 31
12/91 33 46 78 53 07/94 75 52 129 89 31
02/92 38 46 92 63 11/94 81 51 133 95 --
04/92 40 47 90 66 25 02/95 86 48 141 98 --
08/92 49 46 89 67 26 06/95 96 47 144 99 --
01/93 50 50 101 72 31 06/96 134 -- 146 108 --
04/93 56 51 107 79 31 07/97 171 -- 147 108 --
08/93 59 51 117 84 31
WWW Growth:
WWW增长：
Date Sites | Date Sites | Date Sites
----- ---------- + ----- ---------- + ----- ----------
06/93 130 | 08/96 342,081 | 04/97 1,002,612
12/93 623 | 09/96 397,281 | 05/97 1,044,163
06/94 2,738 | 10/96 462,047 | 06/97 1,117,255
12/94 10,022 | 11/96 525,906 | 07/97 1,203,096
06/95 23,500 | 12/96 603,367 | 08/97 1,269,800
01/96 100,000 | 01/97 646,162 | 09/97 1,364,714
06/96 252,000 | 02/97 739,688 |
07/96 299,403 | 03/97 883,149 |
Date Sites | Date Sites | Date Sites
----- ---------- + ----- ---------- + ----- ----------
06/93 130 | 08/96 342,081 | 04/97 1,002,612
12/93 623 | 09/96 397,281 | 05/97 1,044,163
06/94 2,738 | 10/96 462,047 | 06/97 1,117,255
12/94 10,022 | 11/96 525,906 | 07/97 1,203,096
06/95 23,500 | 12/96 603,367 | 08/97 1,269,800
01/96 100,000 | 01/97 646,162 | 09/97 1,364,714
06/96 252,000 | 02/97 739,688 |
07/96 299,403 | 03/97 883,149 |
USENET Growth:
USENET增长：
Date Sites ~MB ~Posts Groups | Date Sites ~MB ~Posts Groups
---- ----- --- ------ ------ + ---- ------- --- ------ ------
1979 3 2 3 | 1987 5,200 2 957 259
1980 15 10 | 1988 7,800 4 1933 381
1981 150 0.05 20 | 1990 33,000 10 4,500 1,300
1982 400 35 | 1991 40,000 25 10,000 1,851
1983 600 120 | 1992 63,000 42 17,556 4,302
1984 900 225 | 1993 110,000 70 32,325 8,279
1985 1,300 1.0 375 | 1994 180,000 157 72,755 10,696
1986 2,200 2.0 946 241 | 1995 330,000 586 131,614
Date Sites ~MB ~Posts Groups | Date Sites ~MB ~Posts Groups
---- ----- --- ------ ------ + ---- ------- --- ------ ------
1979 3 2 3 | 1987 5,200 2 957 259
1980 15 10 | 1988 7,800 4 1933 381
1981 150 0.05 20 | 1990 33,000 10 4,500 1,300
1982 400 35 | 1991 40,000 25 10,000 1,851
1983 600 120 | 1992 63,000 42 17,556 4,302
1984 900 225 | 1993 110,000 70 32,325 8,279
1985 1,300 1.0 375 | 1994 180,000 157 72,755 10,696
1986 2,200 2.0 946 241 | 1995 330,000 586 131,614
~ approximate: MB - megabytes per day, Posts - articles per day
~ approximate: MB - megabytes per day, Posts - articles per day
---------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------
Hobbes' Internet Timeline was compiled from a number of sources, with some of the stand-outs being:
霍布斯的《互联网时间线》是根据许多资料汇编而成的，其中一些突出的资料包括：
Cerf, Vinton (as told to Bernard Aboba). "How the Internet Came to Be." This article appears in "The Online User's Encyclopedia," by Bernard Aboba. Addison-Wesley, 1993.
瑟夫，文顿（告诉伯纳德·阿博巴）。这篇文章发表在Bernard Aboba的《在线用户百科全书》中。艾迪生·韦斯利，1993年。
Hardy, Henry. "The History of the Net." Master's Thesis, School of
Communications, Grand Valley State University.
http://www.ocean.ic.net/ftp/doc/nethist.html
Hardy, Henry. "The History of the Net." Master's Thesis, School of
Communications, Grand Valley State University.
http://www.ocean.ic.net/ftp/doc/nethist.html
Hardy, Ian. "The Evolution of ARPANET email." History Thesis, UC
Berkeley.
http://server.berkeley.edu/virtual-berkeley/email_history
Hardy, Ian. "The Evolution of ARPANET email." History Thesis, UC
Berkeley.
http://server.berkeley.edu/virtual-berkeley/email_history
Hauben, Ronda and Michael. "The Netizens and the Wonderful World of
the Net."
http://www.columbia.edu/~hauben/netbook/
Hauben, Ronda and Michael. "The Netizens and the Wonderful World of
the Net."
http://www.columbia.edu/~hauben/netbook/
Kulikowski, Stan II. "A Timeline of Network History." (author's email below)
库利科夫斯基，斯坦二世。“网络历史的时间表。”（作者的电子邮件如下）
Quarterman, John. "The Matrix: Computer Networks and Conferencing Systems Worldwide." Bedford, MA: Digital Press. 1990
司令官，约翰。《黑客帝国：世界范围内的计算机网络和会议系统》，贝德福德，马萨诸塞州：数字出版社。1990
"ARPANET, the Defense Data Network, and Internet". Encyclopedia of Communications, Volume 1. Editors: Fritz Froehlich, Allen Kent. New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc. 1991
“ARPANET、国防数据网和互联网”。通讯百科全书，第一卷。编辑：弗里茨·弗罗里奇，艾伦·肯特。纽约：Marcel Dekker公司，1991年
Internet growth summary compiled from:
- zone program reports maintained by Mark Lottor at:
ftp://ftp.nw.com/pub/zone/
- connectivity table maintained by Larry Landweber at:
ftp://ftp.cs.wisc.edu/connectivity_table/
Internet growth summary compiled from:
- zone program reports maintained by Mark Lottor at:
ftp://ftp.nw.com/pub/zone/
- connectivity table maintained by Larry Landweber at:
ftp://ftp.cs.wisc.edu/connectivity_table/
WWW growth summary compiled from:
- Web growth summary page by Matthew Gray of MIT:
http://www.mit.edu/people/mkgray/net/web-growth-summary.html
- Netcraft at http://www.netcraft.com/survey/
WWW growth summary compiled from:
- Web growth summary page by Matthew Gray of MIT:
http://www.mit.edu/people/mkgray/net/web-growth-summary.html
- Netcraft at http://www.netcraft.com/survey/
USENET growth summary compiled from Quarterman and Hauben sources above, and news.lists postings. Lots of historical USENET postings also provided by Tom Fitzgerald (fitz@wang.com).
根据上述Quarterman和Hauben资料汇编的USENET增长摘要，以及news.List帖子。Tom Fitzgerald还提供了许多USENET历史帖子(fitz@wang.com).
Related Timelines:
- DNS: http://www.wia.org/dns-law/pub/timeline.html"
- JAVA: http://java.sun.com/events/jibe/timeline.html
- BBN: http://www.bbn.com/timeline/
Related Timelines:
- DNS: http://www.wia.org/dns-law/pub/timeline.html"
- JAVA: http://java.sun.com/events/jibe/timeline.html
- BBN: http://www.bbn.com/timeline/
Additional books of interest: - "Where Wizards Stay Up Late: The Origins of the Internet" Katie Hafner & Matthew Lyon - "Architects of the Web: 1,000 Days That Built the Future of Business", Robert H. Reid - "Netizens: On the History and Impact of Usenet and the Internet", Michael Hauben et al
其他感兴趣的书籍：-“巫师们熬夜的地方：互联网的起源”Katie Hafner&Matthew Lyon-“网络的建筑师：建立商业未来的1000天”，Robert H.Reid-“网民：关于Usenet和互联网的历史和影响”，Michael Hauben等人
Contributors to Hobbes' Internet Timeline have their initials next to the contributed items in the form (:zzz:) and are:
霍布斯互联网时间表的投稿人在表格（：zzz:）中投稿项目旁边有他们的首字母缩写，他们是：
ad1 - Arnaud Dufour (arnaud.dufour@hec.unil.ch)
amk - Alex McKenzie (mckenzie@bbn.com)
dk1 - Daniel Karrenberg (Daniel.Karrenberg@ripe.net)
ec1 - Eric Carroll (eric@enfm.utcc.utoronto.ca)
esr - Eric S. Raymond (esr@locke.ccil.org)
feg - Farrell E. Gerbode (farrell@is.rice.edu)
gck - Gary C. Kessler (kumquat@hill.com)
glg - Gail L. Grant (grant@glgc.com)
gmc - Grant McCall (g.mccall@unsw.edu.au)
gst - Graham Thomas (G.S.Thomas@uel.ac.uk)
irh - Ian R Hardy (hardy@uclink2.berkeley.edu)
jap - Jean Armour Polly (mom@netmom.com)
jg1 - Jim Gaynor (gaynor@agvax.ag.ohio.state.edu)
kf1 - Ken Fockler (fockler@hq.canet.ca)
lhl - Larry H. Landweber (lhl@cs.wisc.edu)
mpc - Mellisa P. Chase (pc@mitre.org)
pb1 - Paul Burchard (burchard@cs.princeton.edu)
pds - Peter da Silva (peter@baileynm.com)
ph1 - Peter Hoffman (hoffman@ece.nps.navy.mil)
rab - Roger A. Bielefeld (rab@hal.cwru.edu)
sc1 - Susan Calcari (susanc@is.internic.net)
sk2 - Stan Kulikowski (stankuli@uwf.bitnet) - see sources section
sw1 - Stephen Wolff (swolff@cisco.com)
tp1 - Tim Pozar (pozar@kumr.lns.com)
twc - Thomas W. Creedon - K'o Wei Li (tcreedon@mitre.org)
vgc - Vinton Cerf (vcerf@isoc.org) - see sources section
wz1 - W. Zorn (zorn@ira.uka.de)
zby - Zenel Batagelj (zenel.batagelj@uni-lj.si)
ad1 - Arnaud Dufour (arnaud.dufour@hec.unil.ch)
amk - Alex McKenzie (mckenzie@bbn.com)
dk1 - Daniel Karrenberg (Daniel.Karrenberg@ripe.net)
ec1 - Eric Carroll (eric@enfm.utcc.utoronto.ca)
esr - Eric S. Raymond (esr@locke.ccil.org)
feg - Farrell E. Gerbode (farrell@is.rice.edu)
gck - Gary C. Kessler (kumquat@hill.com)
glg - Gail L. Grant (grant@glgc.com)
gmc - Grant McCall (g.mccall@unsw.edu.au)
gst - Graham Thomas (G.S.Thomas@uel.ac.uk)
irh - Ian R Hardy (hardy@uclink2.berkeley.edu)
jap - Jean Armour Polly (mom@netmom.com)
jg1 - Jim Gaynor (gaynor@agvax.ag.ohio.state.edu)
kf1 - Ken Fockler (fockler@hq.canet.ca)
lhl - Larry H. Landweber (lhl@cs.wisc.edu)
mpc - Mellisa P. Chase (pc@mitre.org)
pb1 - Paul Burchard (burchard@cs.princeton.edu)
pds - Peter da Silva (peter@baileynm.com)
ph1 - Peter Hoffman (hoffman@ece.nps.navy.mil)
rab - Roger A. Bielefeld (rab@hal.cwru.edu)
sc1 - Susan Calcari (susanc@is.internic.net)
sk2 - Stan Kulikowski (stankuli@uwf.bitnet) - see sources section
sw1 - Stephen Wolff (swolff@cisco.com)
tp1 - Tim Pozar (pozar@kumr.lns.com)
twc - Thomas W. Creedon - K'o Wei Li (tcreedon@mitre.org)
vgc - Vinton Cerf (vcerf@isoc.org) - see sources section
wz1 - W. Zorn (zorn@ira.uka.de)
zby - Zenel Batagelj (zenel.batagelj@uni-lj.si)
Security issues are not discussed in this document, though references are made to security events which have taken place.
本文档中未讨论安全问题，但参考了已发生的安全事件。
Robert H. Zakon Internet Evangelist The MITRE Corporation 1820 Dolley Madison Blvd McLean, Virginia, USA 22102
Robert H.Zakon互联网福音传道者米特公司1820多利麦迪逊大道麦克莱恩，弗吉尼亚州，美国22102
Phone: (703) 883-7790 EMail: zakon@info.isoc.org
电话：（703）883-7790电子邮件：zakon@info.isoc.org
The views expressed in this document are the author's and are not intended to represent in any way The MITRE Corporation or its opinions on this subject matter.
本文件中表达的观点是作者的观点，并不打算以任何方式代表MITRE公司或其对此主题的观点。
Copyright (C) Robert H. Zakon and The Internet Society (1997). All Rights Reserved.
版权所有（C）Robert H.Zakon和互联网协会（1997年）。版权所有。
This document and translations of it may be copied and furnished to others, and derivative works that comment on or otherwise explain it or assist in its implmentation may be prepared, copied, published and distributed, in whole or in part, without restriction of any kind, provided that the above copyright notice and this paragraph are included on all such copies and derivative works. However, this document itself may not be modified in any way, such as by removing the copyright notice or references to the Internet Society or other Internet organizations, except as needed for the purpose of developing Internet standards in which case the procedures for copyrights defined in the Internet Standards process must be followed, or as required to translate it into languages other than English.
本文件及其译本可复制并提供给他人，对其进行评论或解释或协助其实施的衍生作品可全部或部分编制、复制、出版和分发，不受任何限制，前提是上述版权声明和本段包含在所有此类副本和衍生作品中。但是，不得以任何方式修改本文件本身，例如删除版权通知或对互联网协会或其他互联网组织的引用，除非出于制定互联网标准的需要，在这种情况下，必须遵循互联网标准过程中定义的版权程序，或根据需要将其翻译成英语以外的其他语言。
The limited permissions granted above are perpetual and will not be revoked by the Internet Society or its successors or assigns.
上述授予的有限许可是永久性的，互联网协会或其继承人或受让人不会撤销。
This document and the information contained herein is provided on an "AS IS" basis and THE INTERNET SOCIETY AND THE INTERNET ENGINEERING TASK FORCE DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO ANY WARRANTY THAT THE USE OF THE INFORMATION HEREIN WILL NOT INFRINGE ANY RIGHTS OR ANY IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
本文件和其中包含的信息是按“原样”提供的，互联网协会和互联网工程任务组否认所有明示或暗示的保证，包括但不限于任何保证，即使用本文中的信息不会侵犯任何权利，或对适销性或特定用途适用性的任何默示保证。