Network Working Group G. Huston, Editor
Request for Comments: 3172 IAB
BCP: 52 September 2001
Category: Best Current Practice
Network Working Group G. Huston, Editor
Request for Comments: 3172 IAB
BCP: 52 September 2001
Category: Best Current Practice
Management Guidelines & Operational Requirements for the Address and Routing Parameter Area Domain ("arpa")
地址和路由参数区域域（“arpa”）的管理指南和操作要求
Status of this Memo
本备忘录的状况
This document specifies an Internet Best Current Practices for the Internet Community, and requests discussion and suggestions for improvements. Distribution of this memo is unlimited.
本文件规定了互联网社区的最佳现行做法，并要求进行讨论和提出改进建议。本备忘录的分发不受限制。
Copyright Notice
版权公告
Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2001). All Rights Reserved.
版权所有（C）互联网协会（2001年）。版权所有。
Abstract
摘要
This memo describes the management and operational requirements for the address and routing parameter area ("arpa") domain. The "arpa" domain is used to support a class of infrastructural identifier spaces, providing a distributed database that translates elements of a structured name space derived from a protocol family to service names. The efficient and reliable operation of this DNS space is essential to the integrity of operation of various services within the Internet. The Internet Architecture Board (IAB) has the responsibility, in cooperation with the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN), to manage the "arpa" domain. This document describes the principles used by the IAB in undertaking this role.
本备忘录描述了地址和路由参数区（“arpa”）域的管理和操作要求。“arpa”域用于支持一类基础设施标识符空间，提供一个分布式数据库，将从协议族派生的结构化名称空间的元素转换为服务名称。此DNS空间的高效可靠运行对于Internet内各种服务的完整性运行至关重要。互联网体系结构委员会（IAB）有责任与互联网名称和号码分配公司（ICANN）合作，管理“arpa”域名。本文件描述了IAB在担任此角色时使用的原则。
The Domain Name System (DNS) [1] [2] is predominately used to translate a structured textual identifier into a protocol-specific value. It uses the structure embedded within a hierarchical identifier space to create a distributed database, where every node within the database corresponds to a node within the name structure. The most prevalent role of the DNS is to store a set of name to address translations, allowing a domain name to be translated to an IP address. The DNS is also used to store a number of other translations from hierarchically structured identifier spaces into target values of various types.
域名系统（DNS）[1][2]主要用于将结构化文本标识符转换为协议特定值。它使用嵌入在层次标识符空间中的结构来创建分布式数据库，其中数据库中的每个节点对应于名称结构中的一个节点。DNS最普遍的作用是存储一组名称到地址的转换，允许将域名转换为IP地址。DNS还用于存储从层次结构标识符空间到各种类型的目标值的许多其他转换。
The DNS is also capable of supporting a translation in the opposite direction, from protocol values to the names of service entities. One approach in using the DNS in this fashion has been to transform protocol values into a hierarchically structured identifier space, and then use these transformed protocol value names as a DNS lookup key into the appropriate DNS name hierarchy. A common use of this mechanism has been the reverse of the name to address lookup, allowing for an IPv4 address to be used to look up a matching domain name. For example, the IP address 128.9.160.55 can be associated with the domain name "www.iab.org." by creating the DNS entry 55.160.9.128.in-addr.arpa." and mapping this entry, via a DNS PTR record, to the value "www.iab.org.".
DNS还能够支持从协议值到服务实体名称的反向转换。以这种方式使用DNS的一种方法是将协议值转换为层次结构的标识符空间，然后将这些转换后的协议值名称作为DNS查找密钥，使用到适当的DNS名称层次结构中。这种机制的一个常见用途是与名称到地址查找相反，允许使用IPv4地址查找匹配的域名。例如，IP地址128.9.160.55可以通过在addr.arpa.中创建DNS条目55.160.9.128.并通过DNS PTR记录将该条目映射到值“www.iab.org”来与域名“www.iab.org”相关联。
The resolution of protocol objects into service names is used by a number of applications to associate services with a particular protocol object. The correct and efficient operation of these applications is dependent on the correct and efficient operation of the associated "arpa" domain name servers.
许多应用程序使用将协议对象解析为服务名称来将服务与特定协议对象相关联。这些应用程序的正确和高效运行取决于相关“arpa”域名服务器的正确和高效运行。
The "arpa" domain was originally established as part of the initial deployment of the DNS, to provide a transition mechanism from the Host Tables that were common in the ARPANET, as well as a home for the IPv4 reverse mapping domain. During 2000, the abbreviation was redesignated to "Address and Routing Parameter Area" in the hope of reducing confusion with the earlier network name.
“arpa”域最初是作为DNS初始部署的一部分建立的，以提供从ARPANET中常见的主机表到IPv4反向映射域的转换机制。2000年期间，缩写被重新命名为“地址和路由参数区域”，希望减少与早期网络名称的混淆。
The Internet Architecture Board (IAB), in cooperation with the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN), is currently responsible for managing the Top Level Domain (TLD) name "arpa". This arrangement is documented in Appendix A. This domain name provides the root of the name hierarchy of the reverse mapping of IP addresses to domain names. More generally, this domain name undertakes a role as a limited use domain for Internet infrastructure applications, by providing a name root for the mapping of particular protocol values to names of service entities. This domain name provides a name root for the mapping of protocol values into lookup keys to retrieve operationally critical protocol infrastructure data records or objects for the Internet.
互联网体系结构委员会（IAB）与互联网名称和数字分配公司（ICANN）合作，目前负责管理顶级域名“arpa”。这种安排记录在附录A中。该域名提供了IP地址到域名反向映射的名称层次结构的根。更一般地说，该域名通过为特定协议值到服务实体名称的映射提供名称根，作为Internet基础设施应用程序的有限使用域发挥作用。此域名提供了一个名称根，用于将协议值映射到查找键中，以检索Internet的操作关键协议基础结构数据记录或对象。
The IAB may add other infrastructure uses to the "arpa" domain in the future. Any such additions or changes will be in accordance with the procedures documented in Section 2.1 and Section 3 of this document.
IAB将来可能会在“arpa”域中添加其他基础设施用途。任何此类添加或更改将符合本文件第2.1节和第3节中记录的程序。
This domain is termed an "infrastructure domain", as its role is to support the operating infrastructure of the Internet. In particular, the "arpa" domain is not to be used in the same manner (e.g., for naming hosts) as other generic Top Level Domains are commonly used.
该领域被称为“基础设施领域”，因为其作用是支持互联网的运营基础设施。特别是，“arpa”域的使用方式与通常使用的其他通用顶级域不同（例如，用于命名主机）。
The operational administration of this domain, in accordance with the provisions described in this document, shall be performed by the IANA under the terms of the MoU between the IAB and ICANN concerning the IANA [3].
根据本文件所述规定，IANA应根据IAB与ICANN之间关于IANA的谅解备忘录条款执行该领域的运营管理[3]。
The "arpa" sub-domains are used for those protocol object sets defined as part of the Internet Standards Process [4], and are recommended to be managed as infrastructure protocol objects. Normally, the recommendation is to be made in the "IANA Considerations" section of the Internet Standard protocol specification. The recommendation should include the manner in which protocol objects are to be mapped into lookup keys, and recommendations to IANA concerning the operation of the "arpa" sub-domain in conjunction with the recommendations concerning the operation of the protocol object registry itself.
“arpa”子域用于定义为互联网标准过程[4]一部分的协议对象集，建议作为基础设施协议对象进行管理。通常，建议在互联网标准协议规范的“IANA注意事项”部分提出。建议应包括协议对象映射到查找键的方式，以及向IANA提出的关于“arpa”子域操作的建议，以及关于协议对象注册表本身操作的建议。
The IESG consideration of a document which proposes the use of an "arpa" sub-domain shall include consideration of the "IANA Considerations" section. If the document is approved, the IESG will ask the IAB to request the IANA to add the corresponding protocol object sub-domain domain to the "arpa" domain, in accordance with RFC 2860 [3], with administration of the sub-domain undertaken in accordance with the provisions described in this document.
IESG对建议使用“arpa”子域的文件的考虑应包括对“IANA考虑”部分的考虑。如果文件获得批准，IESG将要求IAB请求IANA根据RFC 2860[3]将相应的协议对象子域添加到“arpa”域中，并根据本文件所述规定对子域进行管理。
As this domain is part of the operationally critical infrastructure of the Internet, the stability, integrity and efficiency of the operation of this domain is a matter of importance for all Internet users.
由于该领域是互联网运营关键基础设施的一部分，因此该领域运营的稳定性、完整性和效率对所有互联网用户来说都是一个重要问题。
The "arpa" domain is positioned as a top level domain in order to avoid potential operational instabilities caused by multiple DNS lookups spanning several operational domains that would be required to locate the servers of each of the parent names of a more deeply nested infrastructure name. The maximal lookup set for "arpa" is a lookup of the name servers for the "arpa" domain from a root server, and the query agent is then provided with a list of authoritative "arpa" name servers.
“arpa”域被定位为顶级域，以避免由于跨多个操作域的多个DNS查找而导致的潜在操作不稳定，而这些操作域是定位更深入嵌套的基础结构名称的每个父名称的服务器所必需的。“arpa”的最大查找集是从根服务器查找“arpa”域的名称服务器，然后向查询代理提供权威的“arpa”名称服务器列表。
The efficient and correct operation of the "arpa" domain is considered to be sufficiently critical that the operational requirements for the root servers apply to the operational requirements of the "arpa" servers. All operational requirements noted in RFC 2870 [5] as they apply to the operational requirements of the root servers shall apply to the operation of the "arpa" servers. Any revision to RFC 2870 in relation to the operation of the root servers shall also apply to the operation of the "arpa" servers.
“arpa”域的有效和正确运行被认为是非常关键的，根服务器的运行要求适用于“arpa”服务器的运行要求。RFC 2870[5]中注明的适用于根服务器操作要求的所有操作要求应适用于“arpa”服务器的操作。与根服务器操作相关的RFC 2870的任何修订也应适用于“arpa”服务器的操作。
Many of the servers that are authoritative for the root zone (or the "." zone) also currently serve as authoritative for the "arpa" zone. As noted in RFC 2870 [5], this arrangement is likely to change in the future.
许多对根区域（或“.”区域）具有权威性的服务器目前也对“arpa”区域具有权威性。如RFC 2870[5]所述，这种安排在未来可能会发生变化。
While the decision as to which protocol elements are loaded into the "arpa" domain, and the hierarchical structure of such protocol elements, remains within the role of the IAB, the role of managing the sub-domain may be delegated by the IAB to an appropriate protocol management entity.
虽然关于将哪些协议元素加载到“arpa”域的决定以及此类协议元素的层次结构仍在IAB的角色范围内，但管理子域的角色可由IAB委托给适当的协议管理实体。
The IAB shall only recommend the creation of "arpa" sub-domains corresponding to protocol entities where:
IAB仅建议创建与协议实体对应的“arpa”子域，其中：
- the delegation, and the hierarchical name structure, is described by an IETF Standards Track document [4], and
- 委托和分级名称结构由IETF标准跟踪文件[4]描述，以及
- the use of the "arpa" domain is explicitly recommended in the "IANA Considerations" section of that document.
- 该文件的“IANA注意事项”部分明确建议使用“arpa”域。
The "IANA Considerations" section should include the name of the subdomain, the rules for how the subdomain is to be administered, and the criteria for entries within the subdomain.
“IANA注意事项”部分应包括子域名称、子域管理规则以及子域内条目的标准。
The "arpa" domain is used for the sub-domains "in-addr.arpa" [1], "ip6.arpa" [7] and "e164.arpa" [8].
“arpa”域用于“地址arpa”[1]、“ip6.arpa”[7]和“e164.arpa”[8]中的子域。
Currently, the "arpa" zone is located on a subset of the root servers, and the zone is managed in accordance with these specifications. The IAB is working with ICANN, IANA, and the regional registries to move "arpa" and "in-addr.arpa" records from the root servers in accord with the RFC 2870 recommendation for exclusive use of those servers [5].
目前，“arpa”区域位于根服务器的子集上，并且该区域根据这些规范进行管理。IAB正在与ICANN、IANA和区域注册中心合作，根据RFC 2870关于独占使用这些服务器的建议[5]，从根服务器移动“arpa”和“in addr.arpa”记录。
The IPv4 reverse address domain, "in-addr.arpa" is delegated to the IANA. The "in-addr.arpa" zone is currently located on the same same subset of the root servers as "arpa". Sub-delegations within this hierarchy are undertaken in accordance with the IANA's address allocation practices.
IPv4反向地址域“in addr.arpa”委托给IANA。“in addr.arpa”区域当前位于与“arpa”相同的根服务器子集上。该层级结构中的子委托是根据IANA的地址分配实践进行的。
The "ip6.arpa" IPv6 reverse address domain uses a method of delegation that is the same as is used for "in-addr.arpa", where the "ip6.arpa" domain is delegated to the IANA, and names within this zone further delegated to the regional IP registries in accordance with the delegation of IPv6 address space to those registries [6] [7].
“ip6.arpa”IPv6反向地址域使用与“in addr.arpa”相同的委托方法，其中“ip6.arpa”域委托给IANA，根据IPv6地址空间委托给这些注册中心的规定，该区域内的名称进一步委托给区域IP注册中心[6][7]。
The "e164.arpa" domain is used to map E.164 style phone numbers into URIs. This mechanism is defined in RFC 2916 [9]. RFC 2916 notes that the provision that names within this DNS zone are to be delegated to parties according to ITU recommendation E.164 [10]. RFC 3026 [8] describes the overall liaison arrangements between the IETF and ITU-T about the use of this domain.
“e164.arpa”域用于将E.164样式的电话号码映射到URI中。RFC 2916[9]中定义了该机制。RFC 2916注意到，根据ITU建议E.164[10]，该DNS区域内的名称将被委托给各方的规定。RFC 3026[8]描述了IETF和ITU-T之间关于该领域使用的总体联络安排。
Any infrastructure domains that are located elsewhere in the DNS tree than as sub-domains of "arpa", for historical or other reasons, should adhere to all of the requirements established in this document for sub-domains of "arpa", and consideration should be given to migrating them into "arpa" as and when appropriate.
出于历史或其他原因，位于DNS树中其他位置而不是作为“arpa”子域的任何基础设施域应遵守本文件中针对“arpa”子域制定的所有要求，并应考虑在适当时将其迁移到“arpa”。
The security considerations as documented in RFC 2870 [5], and any successors to that document, apply to the operation of the "arpa" servers.
RFC 2870[5]中记录的安全注意事项以及该文件的任何后续内容适用于“arpa”服务器的操作。
The security considerations specific to the E.164 subdomain are documented in Section 5 of RFC 2916 [9].
RFC 2916[9]第5节记录了E.164子域特有的安全注意事项。
Any new subdomain delegation must adequately document any security considerations specific to the information stored therein.
任何新的子域委派都必须充分记录其中存储的信息所特有的任何安全注意事项。
As noted in section 3 of this document, the IAB may request the IANA to delegate the sub-domains of "arpa" in accordance with the "IANA Considerations" section of an IETF Standards Track document. This request falls under the scope of section 4 of the MoU between the IETF and ICANN concerning the IANA [3].
如本文件第3节所述，IAB可要求IANA根据IETF标准跟踪文件中的“IANA注意事项”部分授权“arpa”的子域。该请求属于IETF和ICANN之间关于IANA的谅解备忘录第4节的范围[3]。
Acknowledgements
致谢
This document is a document of the IAB, and the editor acknowledges the contributions of the members of the IAB in the preparation of the document. In addition, suggestions have been incorporated from Scott Bradner.
本文件是IAB的文件，编辑确认IAB成员在编制本文件过程中所做的贡献。此外，Scott Bradner还提出了一些建议。
References
工具书类
[1] Mockapetris, P., "Domain names - concepts and facilities", STD 13, RFC 1034, November 1987.
[1] Mockapetris，P.，“域名-概念和设施”，STD 13，RFC 1034，1987年11月。
[2] Mockapetris, P., "Domain names - implementation and specification", STD 13, RFC 1035, November 1987.
[2] Mockapetris，P.，“域名-实现和规范”，STD 13，RFC 10351987年11月。
[3] Carpenter, B., Baker, F. and M. Roberts, "Memorandum of Understanding Concerning the Technical Work of the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority", RFC 2860, June 2000.
[3] Carpenter，B.，Baker，F.和M.Roberts，“关于互联网分配号码管理局技术工作的谅解备忘录”，RFC 28602000年6月。
[4] Bradner, S., "The Internet Standards Process -- Revision 3", BCP 9, RFC2026, October 1996.
[4] Bradner，S.，“互联网标准过程——第3版”，BCP 9，RFC2026，1996年10月。
[5] Bush, R., Karrenberg, D., Kosters, M. and R. Plzak, "Root Name Server Operational Requirements", BCP 40, RFC 2870, June 2000.
[5] Bush，R.，Karrenberg，D.，Kosters，M.和R.Plzak，“根名称服务器操作要求”，BCP 40，RFC 28702000年6月。
[6] Crawford, M. and C. Huitema, "DNS Extensions to Support IPv6 Address Aggregation and Renumbering", RFC 2874, July 2000.
[6] Crawford，M.和C.Huitema，“支持IPv6地址聚合和重新编号的DNS扩展”，RFC 28742000年7月。
[7] Bush, R., "Delegation of IP6.arpa", BCP 49, RFC 3152, August 2001.
[7] Bush，R.，“IP6.arpa的代表团”，BCP 49，RFC 3152，2001年8月。
[8] Blane, P., "Liaison to IETF/ISOC on ENUM", RFC 3026, January 2001.
[8] Blane，P.，“与IETF/ISOC就ENUM进行联络”，RFC 3026，2001年1月。
[9] Falstrom, P., "E.164 number and DNS", RFC 2916, September 2000.
[9] Falstrom，P.，“E.164号码和域名系统”，RFC 29162000年9月。
[10] ITU-T Recommendation E.164/I.331 (05/97): The International Public Telecommunication Numbering Plan. 1997.
[10] ITU-T建议E.164/I.331（05/97）：国际公共电信编号计划。1997
Author's Address
作者地址
Internet Architecture Board Geoff Huston, Editor
互联网架构委员会Geoff Huston，编辑
iab@iab.org
iab@iab.org
April 28, 2000
二○○○年四月二十八日
Mr. Louis Touton Vice-President, Secretary, and General Counsel Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers 4676 Admiralty Way, Suite 330 Marina del Rey, CA 90292
Louis Touton先生，副总裁、秘书兼指定姓名和号码互联网公司总法律顾问，地址：美国加利福尼亚州Marina del Rey市金钟路4676号330室，邮编：90292
Re: Purchase Order No. 40SBNT067020: Administration of the arpa Top Level Domain
回复：第40SBNT067020号采购订单：arpa顶级域的管理
Dear Mr. Touton:
亲爱的图顿先生：
As noted in your organization's quotation of February 2, 2000, the arpa Top Level Domain (TLD) exists in the root zone of the domain name system as a limited use domain currently consisting of one record, in-addr.arpa. On April 14, 2000, the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), formerly known as the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA), officially signaled its disassociation with the arpa domain and its understanding the domain would be used by the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names (ICANN) and Numbers and the Internet Architecture Board (IAB) for additional Internet infrastructure uses.
如贵组织2000年2月2日的报价所述，arpa顶级域（TLD）作为一个有限使用域存在于域名系统的根区域中，目前由一条记录in-addr.arpa组成。2000年4月14日，美国国防部高级研究计划局（DARPA），前身为高级研究计划局（ARPA），正式表示其与ARPA域分离，并表示其理解该域将被互联网名称和数字分配公司（ICANN）和互联网架构委员会使用（IAB）用于其他互联网基础设施用途。
In keeping with the DARPA understanding, we believe that the arpa domain should be made available for this specific, limited purpose. The Department of Commerce considers this an Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) function and has requested that the WHOIS entry for the arpa domain reflect IANA as the registrant.
根据DARPA的理解，我们认为arpa域应可用于此特定的有限用途。商务部认为这是互联网分配号码管理局（IANA）的职能，并要求arpa域的WHOIS条目反映IANA作为注册人。
Purchase Order No. 40SBNT067020 provides that "[ICANN] will perform other IANA functions as needed upon request of DOC." As such, the Department of Commerce requests that, as part of the IANA functions, ICANN undertake administration of the arpa TLD in cooperation with the Internet technical community under the guidance of the IAB, as a limited use domain for Internet infrastructure applications, including the migration of Internet infrastructure applications that currently reside in the .int TLD. Further, as indicated by DARPA, the arpa TLD string should be given a different expansion such as "Address and Routing Parameter Area" to avoid any implication that DARPA has operational responsibility for the domain.
第40SBNT067020号采购订单规定，“[ICANN]将根据DOC的要求履行其他IANA职能。”因此，商务部要求，作为IANA职能的一部分，ICANN在IAB的指导下与互联网技术界合作，负责arpa TLD的管理，作为Internet基础设施应用程序的有限使用域，包括迁移当前驻留在.int TLD中的Internet基础设施应用程序。此外，如DARPA所示，应为arpa TLD字符串提供不同的扩展，如“地址和路由参数区域”，以避免暗示DARPA对域负有操作责任。
If you have any questions, please do not hesitate to contact me.
如果您有任何问题，请随时与我联系。
Sincerely, Karen Rose Purchase Order Technical Representative
Karen Rose采购订单技术代表
Full Copyright Statement
完整版权声明
Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2001). All Rights Reserved.
版权所有（C）互联网协会（2001年）。版权所有。
This document and translations of it may be copied and furnished to others, and derivative works that comment on or otherwise explain it or assist in its implementation may be prepared, copied, published and distributed, in whole or in part, without restriction of any kind, provided that the above copyright notice and this paragraph are included on all such copies and derivative works. However, this document itself may not be modified in any way, such as by removing the copyright notice or references to the Internet Society or other Internet organizations, except as needed for the purpose of developing Internet standards in which case the procedures for copyrights defined in the Internet Standards process must be followed, or as required to translate it into languages other than English.
本文件及其译本可复制并提供给他人，对其进行评论或解释或协助其实施的衍生作品可全部或部分编制、复制、出版和分发，不受任何限制，前提是上述版权声明和本段包含在所有此类副本和衍生作品中。但是，不得以任何方式修改本文件本身，例如删除版权通知或对互联网协会或其他互联网组织的引用，除非出于制定互联网标准的需要，在这种情况下，必须遵循互联网标准过程中定义的版权程序，或根据需要将其翻译成英语以外的其他语言。
The limited permissions granted above are perpetual and will not be revoked by the Internet Society or its successors or assigns.
上述授予的有限许可是永久性的，互联网协会或其继承人或受让人不会撤销。
This document and the information contained herein is provided on an "AS IS" basis and THE INTERNET SOCIETY AND THE INTERNET ENGINEERING TASK FORCE DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO ANY WARRANTY THAT THE USE OF THE INFORMATION HEREIN WILL NOT INFRINGE ANY RIGHTS OR ANY IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
本文件和其中包含的信息是按“原样”提供的，互联网协会和互联网工程任务组否认所有明示或暗示的保证，包括但不限于任何保证，即使用本文中的信息不会侵犯任何权利，或对适销性或特定用途适用性的任何默示保证。
Acknowledgement
确认
Funding for the RFC Editor function is currently provided by the Internet Society.
RFC编辑功能的资金目前由互联网协会提供。