Internet Research Task Force (IRTF)                         N. ten Oever
Request for Comments: 8280                                    ARTICLE 19
Category: Informational                                          C. Cath
ISSN: 2070-1721                                Oxford Internet Institute
                                                            October 2017
        
Internet Research Task Force (IRTF)                         N. ten Oever
Request for Comments: 8280                                    ARTICLE 19
Category: Informational                                          C. Cath
ISSN: 2070-1721                                Oxford Internet Institute
                                                            October 2017
        

Research into Human Rights Protocol Considerations

关于人权议定书考虑因素的研究

Abstract

摘要

This document aims to propose guidelines for human rights considerations, similar to the work done on the guidelines for privacy considerations (RFC 6973). The other parts of this document explain the background of the guidelines and how they were developed.

本文件旨在提出人权考虑准则,类似于隐私考虑准则(RFC 6973)的工作。本文件的其他部分解释了指南的背景及其制定过程。

This document is the first milestone in a longer-term research effort. It has been reviewed by the Human Rights Protocol Considerations (HRPC) Research Group and also by individuals from outside the research group.

本文件是长期研究工作的第一个里程碑。人权议定书审议(HRPC)研究小组以及研究小组以外的个人对其进行了审查。

Status of This Memo

关于下段备忘

This document is not an Internet Standards Track specification; it is published for informational purposes.

本文件不是互联网标准跟踪规范;它是为了提供信息而发布的。

This document is a product of the Internet Research Task Force (IRTF). The IRTF publishes the results of Internet-related research and development activities. These results might not be suitable for deployment. This RFC represents the consensus of the Human Rights Protocol Considerations Research Group of the Internet Research Task Force (IRTF). Documents approved for publication by the IRSG are not a candidate for any level of Internet Standard; see Section 2 of RFC 7841.

本文件是互联网研究工作组(IRTF)的产品。IRTF发布互联网相关研究和开发活动的结果。这些结果可能不适合部署。本RFC代表了互联网研究工作队(IRTF)人权协议考虑研究小组的共识。IRSG批准发布的文件不适用于任何级别的互联网标准;见RFC 7841第2节。

Information about the current status of this document, any errata, and how to provide feedback on it may be obtained at https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8280.

有关本文件当前状态、任何勘误表以及如何提供反馈的信息,请访问https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8280.

Copyright Notice

版权公告

Copyright (c) 2017 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the document authors. All rights reserved.

版权所有(c)2017 IETF信托基金和确定为文件作者的人员。版权所有。

This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal Provisions Relating to IETF Documents (https://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of publication of this document. Please review these documents carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect to this document.

本文件受BCP 78和IETF信托有关IETF文件的法律规定的约束(https://trustee.ietf.org/license-info)自本文件出版之日起生效。请仔细阅读这些文件,因为它们描述了您对本文件的权利和限制。

Table of Contents

目录

   1. Introduction ....................................................4
   2. Vocabulary Used .................................................6
   3. Research Questions .............................................12
   4. Literature and Discussion Review ...............................12
   5. Methodology ....................................................15
      5.1. Data Sources ..............................................17
           5.1.1. Discourse Analysis of RFCs .........................17
           5.1.2. Interviews with Members of the IETF Community ......17
           5.1.3. Participant Observation in Working Groups ..........17
      5.2. Data Analysis Strategies ..................................18
           5.2.1. Identifying Qualities of Technical Concepts
                  That Relate to Human Rights ........................18
           5.2.2. Relating Human Rights to Technical Concepts ........20
           5.2.3. Mapping Cases of Protocols, Implementations, and
                  Networking Paradigms That Adversely Impact Human
                  Rights or Are Enablers Thereof .....................21
   6. Model for Developing Human Rights Protocol Considerations ......40
      6.1. Human Rights Threats ......................................40
      6.2. Guidelines for Human Rights Considerations ................42
           6.2.1. Connectivity .......................................43
           6.2.2. Privacy ............................................43
           6.2.3. Content Agnosticism ................................44
           6.2.4. Security ...........................................45
           6.2.5. Internationalization ...............................46
           6.2.6. Censorship Resistance ..............................47
           6.2.7. Open Standards .....................................48
           6.2.8. Heterogeneity Support ..............................50
           6.2.9. Anonymity ..........................................51
           6.2.10. Pseudonymity ......................................51
           6.2.11. Accessibility .....................................53
           6.2.12. Localization ......................................53
           6.2.13. Decentralization ..................................54
           6.2.14. Reliability .......................................55
           6.2.15. Confidentiality ...................................56
           6.2.16. Integrity .........................................58
           6.2.17. Authenticity ......................................59
           6.2.18. Adaptability ......................................60
           6.2.19. Outcome Transparency ..............................61
   7. Security Considerations ........................................61
   8. IANA Considerations ............................................61
   9. Research Group Information .....................................62
   10. Informative References ........................................62
   Acknowledgements ..................................................80
   Authors' Addresses ................................................81
        
   1. Introduction ....................................................4
   2. Vocabulary Used .................................................6
   3. Research Questions .............................................12
   4. Literature and Discussion Review ...............................12
   5. Methodology ....................................................15
      5.1. Data Sources ..............................................17
           5.1.1. Discourse Analysis of RFCs .........................17
           5.1.2. Interviews with Members of the IETF Community ......17
           5.1.3. Participant Observation in Working Groups ..........17
      5.2. Data Analysis Strategies ..................................18
           5.2.1. Identifying Qualities of Technical Concepts
                  That Relate to Human Rights ........................18
           5.2.2. Relating Human Rights to Technical Concepts ........20
           5.2.3. Mapping Cases of Protocols, Implementations, and
                  Networking Paradigms That Adversely Impact Human
                  Rights or Are Enablers Thereof .....................21
   6. Model for Developing Human Rights Protocol Considerations ......40
      6.1. Human Rights Threats ......................................40
      6.2. Guidelines for Human Rights Considerations ................42
           6.2.1. Connectivity .......................................43
           6.2.2. Privacy ............................................43
           6.2.3. Content Agnosticism ................................44
           6.2.4. Security ...........................................45
           6.2.5. Internationalization ...............................46
           6.2.6. Censorship Resistance ..............................47
           6.2.7. Open Standards .....................................48
           6.2.8. Heterogeneity Support ..............................50
           6.2.9. Anonymity ..........................................51
           6.2.10. Pseudonymity ......................................51
           6.2.11. Accessibility .....................................53
           6.2.12. Localization ......................................53
           6.2.13. Decentralization ..................................54
           6.2.14. Reliability .......................................55
           6.2.15. Confidentiality ...................................56
           6.2.16. Integrity .........................................58
           6.2.17. Authenticity ......................................59
           6.2.18. Adaptability ......................................60
           6.2.19. Outcome Transparency ..............................61
   7. Security Considerations ........................................61
   8. IANA Considerations ............................................61
   9. Research Group Information .....................................62
   10. Informative References ........................................62
   Acknowledgements ..................................................80
   Authors' Addresses ................................................81
        
1. Introduction
1. 介绍

"There's a freedom about the Internet: As long as we accept the rules of sending packets around, we can send packets containing anything to anywhere." [Berners-Lee]

“互联网是自由的:只要我们接受发送数据包的规则,我们就可以将包含任何内容的数据包发送到任何地方。”[Berners Lee]

"The Internet isn't value-neutral, and neither is the IETF." [RFC3935]

“互联网不是价值中立的,IETF也不是。”

The ever-growing interconnectedness of the Internet and society increases the impact of the Internet on the lives of individuals. Because of this, the design and development of the Internet infrastructure also have a growing impact on society. This has led to a broad recognition that human rights [UDHR] [ICCPR] [ICESCR] have a role in the development and management of the Internet [UNGA2013] [NETmundial]. It has also been argued that the Internet should be strengthened as an enabling environment for human rights [Brown].

互联网与社会日益紧密的相互联系增加了互联网对个人生活的影响。因此,互联网基础设施的设计和开发也对社会产生了越来越大的影响。这使人们广泛认识到,人权[UDHR][ICCPR][ICESCR]在互联网的发展和管理中具有作用[UNGA2013][NETmundial]。还有人认为,应当加强互联网,使其成为促进人权的有利环境[Brown]。

This document aims to (1) expose the relationship between protocols and human rights, (2) propose possible guidelines to protect the Internet as an enabling environment for human rights in future protocol development, in a manner similar to the work done for privacy considerations [RFC6973], and (3) increase the awareness, in both the human rights community and the technical community, of the importance of the technical workings of the Internet and its impact on human rights.

本文件旨在(1)揭示协议与人权之间的关系,(2)提出可能的指导方针,以保护互联网,使其成为未来协议开发中的人权有利环境,其方式类似于出于隐私考虑所做的工作[RFC6973],以及(3)提高意识,在人权界和技术界,都强调了互联网技术运作的重要性及其对人权的影响。

Document authors who want to apply this work to their own can go directly to Section 6 of this document.

想要将此工作应用于自己的文档作者可以直接转到本文档的第6节。

Open, secure, and reliable connectivity is necessary (although not sufficient) to exercise human rights such as freedom of expression and freedom of association [FOC], as defined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights [UDHR]. The purpose of the Internet is to be a global network of networks that provides unfettered connectivity to all users, and for any content [RFC1958]. This objective of stimulating global connectivity contributes to the Internet's role as an enabler of human rights. The Internet has given people a platform to exchange opinions and gather information; it has enabled people of different backgrounds and genders to participate in the public debate; it has also allowed people to congregate and organize. Next to that, the strong commitment to security [RFC1984] [RFC3365] and privacy [RFC6973] [RFC7258] in the Internet's architectural design contributes to the strengthening of the Internet as an enabling environment for human rights. One could even argue that the Internet is not only an enabler of human rights but that human rights lie at the base of, and are ingrained in, the architecture of the networks that make up the Internet. Internet

开放、安全和可靠的连接对于行使《世界人权宣言》中定义的言论自由和结社自由等人权是必要的(尽管还不够)。互联网的目的是成为一个全球网络网络,为所有用户和任何内容提供不受限制的连接[RFC1958]。促进全球连通性的这一目标有助于发挥互联网促进人权的作用。互联网为人们提供了一个交流意见和收集信息的平台;它使不同背景和性别的人能够参与公共辩论;它还允许人们聚集和组织起来。其次,互联网架构设计中对安全[RFC1984][RFC3365]和隐私[RFC6973][RFC7258]的坚定承诺有助于加强互联网作为促进人权的有利环境。人们甚至可以说,互联网不仅是人权的推动者,而且人权是构成互联网的网络结构的基础,并且根深蒂固。互联网

connectivity increases the capacity for individuals to exercise their rights; the core of the Internet -- its architectural design -- is therefore closely intertwined with the human rights framework [CathFloridi]. The quintessential link between the Internet's infrastructure and human rights has been argued by many. [Bless1], for instance, argues that "to a certain extent, the Internet and its protocols have already facilitated the realization of human rights, e.g., the freedom of assembly and expression. In contrast, measures of censorship and pervasive surveillance violate fundamental human rights." [DeNardis15] argues that "Since the first hints of Internet commercialization and internationalization, the IETF has supported strong security in protocol design and has sometimes served as a force resisting protocol-enabled surveillance features." By doing so, the IETF enabled the manifestation of the right to privacy, through the Internet's infrastructure. Additionally, access to freely available information gives people access to knowledge that enables them to help satisfy other human rights; as such, the Internet increasingly becomes a precondition for human rights rather than a supplement.

连通性提高了个人行使权利的能力;因此,互联网的核心——其架构设计——与人权框架紧密交织在一起。许多人都认为互联网基础设施与人权之间存在着典型的联系。例如[Bless1]认为,“在某种程度上,互联网及其协议已经促进了人权的实现,例如集会和言论自由。相比之下,审查和普遍监督措施侵犯了基本人权。”[DeNardis15]认为“自从互联网商业化和国际化的最初迹象出现以来,IETF在协议设计中支持了强大的安全性,有时还充当了一种对抗协议的监视功能。“通过这样做,IETF通过互联网的基础设施实现了隐私权的体现。此外,获得免费提供的信息使人们能够获得知识,使他们能够帮助满足其他人权;因此,互联网日益成为人权的先决条件,而不是补充。

Human rights can be in conflict with each other, such as the right to freedom of expression and the right to privacy. In such cases, the different affected rights need to be balanced. To do this, it is crucial that the impacts on rights are clearly documented in order to mitigate potential harm. This research aims to ultimately contribute to making that process tangible and practical for protocol developers. Technology can never be fully equated with a human right. Whereas a specific technology might be a strong enabler of a specific human right, it might have an adverse impact on another human right. In this case, decisions on design and deployment need to take this into account.

人权可能相互冲突,例如言论自由权和隐私权。在这种情况下,需要平衡不同的受影响权利。为此,必须明确记录对权利的影响,以减轻潜在的损害。本研究旨在最终为协议开发人员使该过程切实可行做出贡献。技术永远不能完全等同于人权。虽然特定技术可能是特定人权的有力促成者,但它可能对另一项人权产生不利影响。在这种情况下,设计和部署决策需要考虑到这一点。

The open nature of the initial technical design and its open standards, as well as developments like open source, fostered freedom of communication. What emerged was a network of networks that could enable everyone to connect and to exchange data, information, and code. For many, enabling such connections became a core value. However, as the scale and the commercialization of the Internet grew, topics like access, rights, and connectivity have been forced to compete with other values. Therefore, important characteristics of the Internet that enable human rights might be degraded if they're not properly defined, described, and protected as such. Conversely, not protecting characteristics that enable human rights could also result in (partial) loss of functionality and connectivity, along with other inherent parts of the Internet's architecture of networks. New protocols, particularly those that upgrade the core infrastructure of the network, should be designed to continue to enable fundamental human rights.

最初技术设计的开放性及其开放标准,以及开源等开发,促进了交流的自由。出现的是一个网络网络,使每个人都能连接和交换数据、信息和代码。对许多人来说,实现这样的连接成为了一个核心价值。然而,随着互联网规模和商业化的增长,接入、权利和连通性等主题被迫与其他价值观竞争。因此,如果不能正确地定义、描述和保护互联网的人权,那么互联网的重要特征可能会被削弱。相反,不保护能够实现人权的特性也可能导致(部分)功能和连接丧失,以及互联网网络架构的其他固有部分。新的协议,特别是那些升级网络核心基础设施的协议,应设计为继续实现基本人权。

The IETF has produced guidelines and procedures to ensure and galvanize the privacy of individuals and security of the network in protocol development. This document aims to explore the possibility of developing similar procedures for guidelines for human rights considerations to ensure that protocols developed in the IETF do not have an adverse impact on the realization of human rights on the Internet. By carefully considering the answers to the questions posed in Section 6 of this document, document authors should be (1) able to produce a comprehensive analysis that can serve as the basis for discussion on whether the protocol adequately protects against specific human rights threats and (2) potentially stimulated to think about alternative design choices.

IETF制定了指南和程序,以确保和激励协议开发过程中个人隐私和网络安全。本文件旨在探讨为人权考虑制定类似程序的可能性,以确保IETF中制定的协议不会对互联网上实现人权产生不利影响。通过仔细考虑本文件第6节提出的问题的答案,文件作者应(1)能够进行全面分析,作为讨论议定书是否充分保护免受特定人权威胁的基础;(2)可能会激发人们思考其他设计选择。

This document was developed within the framework of the Human Rights Protocol Considerations (HRPC) Research Group, based on discussions on the HRPC mailing list (Section 9); this document was also extensively discussed during HRPC sessions. This document has received eleven in-depth reviews on the mailing list, and it received many comments from inside and outside the IRTF and IETF communities.

本文件是在人权议定书审议(HRPC)研究小组的框架内根据对HRPC邮件列表(第9节)的讨论编写的;该文件在HRPC会议期间也进行了广泛讨论。本文件在邮件列表上收到了11次深入的评论,并收到了来自IRTF和IETF社区内外的许多评论。

2. Vocabulary Used
2. 使用的词汇

In the discussion of human rights and Internet architecture, concepts developed in computer science, networking, law, policy-making, and advocacy are coming together [Dutton] [Kaye] [Franklin] [RFC1958]. The same concepts might have a very different meaning and implications in other areas of expertise. In order to foster a constructive interdisciplinary debate and minimize differences in interpretation, the following glossary is provided. It builds as much as possible on existing definitions; when definitions were not available in IETF documents, definitions were taken from other Standards Development Organizations (SDOs) or academic literature.

在关于人权和互联网架构的讨论中,计算机科学、网络、法律、决策和宣传等领域的概念正在汇集在一起[Dutton][Kaye][Franklin][RFC1958]。同样的概念在其他专业领域可能有非常不同的含义和含义。为了促进建设性的跨学科辩论并尽量减少口译差异,提供了以下词汇表。它尽可能建立在现有定义的基础上;当IETF文件中没有定义时,定义取自其他标准开发组织(SDO)或学术文献。

Accessibility: "Full Internet Connectivity", as described in [RFC4084], to provide unfettered access to the Internet.

可访问性:[RFC4084]中描述的:“完全互联网连接”,以提供对互联网的无限制访问。

The design of protocols, services, or implementations that provide an enabling environment for people with disabilities.

为残疾人提供有利环境的协议、服务或实现的设计。

The ability to receive information available on the Internet.

接收互联网上可用信息的能力。

Anonymity: The condition of an identity being unknown or concealed [RFC4949].

匿名性:身份未知或隐藏的状态[RFC4949]。

Anonymous: A state of an individual in which an observer or attacker cannot identify the individual within a set of other individuals (the anonymity set) [RFC6973].

匿名:个体的一种状态,在这种状态下,观察者或攻击者无法在一组其他个体(匿名集合)中识别该个体[RFC6973]。

Authenticity: The property of being genuine and able to be verified and be trusted [RFC4949].

真实性:真实的、能够被验证和信任的属性[RFC4949]。

Blocking: The practice of preventing access to resources in the aggregate [RFC7754]. Both blocking and filtering can be implemented at the level of "services" (web hosting or video streaming, for example) or at the level of particular "content" [RFC7754].

阻塞:阻止访问聚合中资源的做法[RFC7754]。阻塞和过滤都可以在“服务”级别(例如,web托管或视频流)或特定“内容”级别实现[RFC7754]。

Censorship: Technical mechanisms, including both blocking and filtering, that certain political or private actors around the world use to block or degrade Internet traffic. For further details on the various elements of Internet censorship, see [Hall].

审查制度:世界各地某些政治或私人行为者用来阻止或降低互联网流量的技术机制,包括屏蔽和过滤。有关互联网审查各种要素的更多详细信息,请参见[大厅]。

Censorship resistance: Methods and measures to mitigate Internet censorship.

抵制审查:减轻互联网审查的方法和措施。

Confidentiality: The property that data is not disclosed to system entities unless they have been authorized to know the data [RFC4949].

机密性:除非系统实体被授权了解数据,否则数据不会披露给系统实体的属性[RFC4949]。

Connectivity: The extent to which a device or network is able to reach other devices or networks to exchange data. The Internet is the tool for providing global connectivity [RFC1958]. Different types of connectivity are further specified in [RFC4084].

连接性:设备或网络能够到达其他设备或网络以交换数据的程度。互联网是提供全球连接的工具[RFC1958]。[RFC4084]中进一步规定了不同类型的连接。

The end-to-end principle, interoperability, distributed architecture, resilience, reliability, and robustness in combination constitute the enabling factors that result in connectivity to, and on, the Internet.

端到端原则、互操作性、分布式体系结构、弹性、可靠性和健壮性结合在一起,构成了实现互联网连接的有利因素。

Content agnosticism: Treating network traffic identically regardless of content.

内容不可知论:不考虑内容,一视同仁地对待网络流量。

Decentralized: Implementation or deployment of standards, protocols, or systems without one single point of control.

分散:在没有单一控制点的情况下实施或部署标准、协议或系统。

End-to-end principle: The principle that application-specific functions should not be embedded into the network and thus stay at the endpoints. In many cases, especially when dealing with failures, the right decisions can only be made with the corresponding application-specific knowledge, which is available at endpoints not in the network.

端到端原则:特定于应用程序的功能不应嵌入到网络中,从而停留在端点的原则。在许多情况下,特别是在处理故障时,只有使用相应的特定于应用程序的知识才能做出正确的决策,而这些知识在端点而不是网络中可用。

The end-to-end principle is one of the key architectural guidelines of the Internet. The argument in favor of the end-to-end approach to system design is laid out in the

端到端原则是互联网的关键架构准则之一。支持端到端系统设计方法的论点在

fundamental papers by Saltzer, Reed, and Clark [Saltzer] [Clark]. In these papers, the authors argue in favor of radical simplification: system designers should only build the essential and shared functions into the network, as most functions can only be implemented at network endpoints. Building features into the network for the benefit of certain applications will come at the expense of others. As such, in general system designers should attempt to steer clear of building anything into the network that is not a bare necessity for its functioning. Following the end-to-end principle is crucial for innovation, as it makes innovation at the edges possible without having to make changes to the network, and it protects the robustness of the network. [RFC2775] further elaborates on various aspects of end-to-end connectivity.

Saltzer、Reed和Clark的基础论文[Saltzer][Clark]。在这些论文中,作者主张彻底简化:系统设计者只应将基本的和共享的功能构建到网络中,因为大多数功能只能在网络端点实现。为某些应用程序的利益而在网络中构建功能将以牺牲其他应用程序为代价。因此,一般来说,系统设计者应该避免在网络中构建任何对其功能来说并非绝对必要的东西。遵循端到端原则对创新至关重要,因为它使边缘创新成为可能,而无需对网络进行更改,并保护网络的健壮性。[RFC2775]进一步阐述了端到端连接的各个方面。

Federation: The possibility of connecting autonomous and possibly centralized systems into a single system without a central authority.

联邦:在没有中央机构的情况下,将自治系统和可能的集中式系统连接到单个系统的可能性。

Filtering: The practice of preventing access to specific resources within an aggregate [RFC7754].

过滤:防止访问聚合中特定资源的做法[RFC7754]。

Heterogeneity: "The Internet is characterized by heterogeneity on many levels: devices and nodes, router scheduling algorithms and queue management mechanisms, routing protocols, levels of multiplexing, protocol versions and implementations, underlying link layers (e.g., point-to-point, multi-access links, wireless, FDDI, etc.), in the traffic mix and in the levels of congestion at different times and places. Moreover, as the Internet is composed of autonomous organizations and internet service providers, each with their own separate policy concerns, there is a large heterogeneity of administrative domains and pricing structures." [FIArch]

异质性:“互联网在许多层面上都具有异质性:设备和节点、路由器调度算法和队列管理机制、路由协议、多路复用级别、协议版本和实现、底层链路层(例如,点对点、多访问链路、无线、FDDI等)此外,由于互联网由自主组织和互联网服务提供商组成,各自有各自的政策关注点,因此管理领域和定价结构存在很大的异质性。”[FIArch]

As a result, per [FIArch], the heterogeneity principle proposed in [RFC1958] needs to be supported by design.

因此,根据[FIArch],设计需要支持[RFC1958]中提出的异质性原则。

Human rights: Principles and norms that are indivisible, interrelated, unalienable, universal, and mutually reinforcing. Human rights have been codified in national and international bodies of law. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights [UDHR] is the most well-known document in the history of human rights. The aspirations from [UDHR] were later codified into treaties such as the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights [ICCPR] and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights [ICESCR], after which signatory countries were

人权:不可分割、相互关联、不可剥夺、普遍和相互加强的原则和规范。人权已编入国家和国际法律机构。《世界人权宣言》是人权史上最著名的文件。《世界人权宣言》的愿望后来被编纂成《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》和《经济、社会、文化权利国际公约》等条约,之后签署国也加入其中

obliged to reflect them in their national bodies of law. There is also a broad recognition that not only states have obligations vis-a-vis human rights, but non-state actors do as well.

有义务在其国家法律体系中反映这些原则。人们还广泛认识到,不仅国家对人权负有义务,非国家行为者也负有义务。

Integrity: The property that data has not been changed, destroyed, or lost in an unauthorized or accidental manner [RFC4949].

完整性:数据未经授权或意外更改、销毁或丢失的属性[RFC4949]。

Internationalization (i18n): The practice of making protocols, standards, and implementations usable in different languages and scripts (see Section 6.2.12 ("Localization")).

国际化(i18n):使协议、标准和实现在不同语言和脚本中可用的实践(见第6.2.12节(“本地化”)。

"In the IETF, 'internationalization' means to add or improve the handling of non-ASCII text in a protocol" [RFC6365].

“在IETF中,“国际化”是指添加或改进协议中非ASCII文本的处理”[RFC6365]。

A different perspective, more appropriate to protocols that are designed for global use from the beginning, is the definition used by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) [W3Ci18nDef]: "Internationalization is the design and development of a product, application or document content that enables easy localization for target audiences that vary in culture, region, or language."

万维网联盟(W3C)[W3Ci18nDef]使用的定义是一个不同的视角,更适合于从一开始就为全球使用而设计的协议:“国际化是指产品、应用程序或文档内容的设计和开发,使不同文化、地区或语言的目标受众能够轻松本地化。”

Many protocols that handle text only handle one charset (US-ASCII), or they leave the question of encoding up to local guesswork (which leads, of course, to interoperability problems) [RFC3536]. If multiple charsets are permitted, they must be explicitly identified [RFC2277]. Adding non-ASCII text to a protocol allows the protocol to handle more scripts, hopefully all scripts in use in the world. In today's world, that is normally best accomplished by allowing Unicode encoded in UTF-8 only, thereby shifting conversion issues away from ad hoc choices.

许多处理文本的协议只处理一个字符集(US-ASCII),或者将编码问题留给本地猜测(这当然会导致互操作性问题)[RFC3536]。如果允许多个字符集,则必须明确标识它们[RFC2277]。将非ASCII文本添加到协议中可以使协议处理更多脚本,希望能够处理世界上使用的所有脚本。在当今世界,这通常最好通过只允许使用UTF-8编码的Unicode来实现,从而将转换问题从临时选择中转移出去。

Interoperable: A property of a documented standard or protocol that allows different independent implementations to work with each other without any restriction on functionality.

可互操作性:文档化标准或协议的一种属性,允许不同的独立实现相互协作,而不受任何功能限制。

Localization (l10n): The practice of translating an implementation to make it functional in a specific language or for users in a specific locale (see Section 6.2.5 ("Internationalization")).

本地化(l10n):翻译实现以使其在特定语言中或在特定语言环境中对用户起作用的实践(见第6.2.5节(“国际化”)。

(cf. [RFC6365]): The process of adapting an internationalized application platform or application to a specific cultural environment. In localization, the same semantics are preserved while the syntax may be changed [FRAMEWORK].

(参见[RFC6365]):使国际化应用程序平台或应用程序适应特定文化环境的过程。在本地化中,相同的语义被保留,而语法可能被更改[FRAMEWORK]。

Localization is the act of tailoring an application for a different language, script, or culture. Some internationalized applications can handle a wide variety of languages. Typical users only understand a small number of languages, so the program

本地化是为不同的语言、脚本或文化定制应用程序的行为。一些国际化应用程序可以处理多种语言。典型用户只懂少数语言,因此程序

must be tailored to interact with users in just the languages they know. The major work of localization is translating the user interface and documentation. Localization involves not only changing the language interaction but also other relevant changes, such as display of numbers, dates, currency, and so on. The better internationalized an application is, the easier it is to localize it for a particular language and character-encoding scheme.

必须进行定制,以便仅以用户熟悉的语言与用户交互。本地化的主要工作是翻译用户界面和文档。本地化不仅涉及到语言交互的改变,还涉及到其他相关的改变,如数字、日期、货币等的显示。应用程序的国际化程度越高,就越容易针对特定语言和字符编码方案对其进行本地化。

Open standards: Conform with [RFC2026], which states the following: "Various national and international standards bodies, such as ANSI, ISO, IEEE, and ITU-T, develop a variety of protocol and service specifications that are similar to Technical Specifications defined here. National and international groups also publish 'implementors' agreements' that are analogous to Applicability Statements, capturing a body of implementation-specific detail concerned with the practical application of their standards. All of these are considered to be 'open external standards' for the purposes of the Internet Standards Process."

开放标准:符合[RFC2026],该标准规定如下:“各种国家和国际标准机构,如ANSI、ISO、IEEE和ITU-T,制定了与此处定义的技术规范类似的各种协议和服务规范。国家和国际组织还发布类似于适用性声明的“实施者”协议,以获取与其标准实际应用相关的实施具体细节。就互联网标准流程而言,所有这些都被视为“开放的外部标准”

Openness: Absence of centralized points of control -- "a feature that is assumed to make it easy for new users to join and new uses to unfold" [Brown].

开放性:缺乏集中的控制点--“这一特性被认为可以让新用户更容易加入,新用途更容易展现”[Brown]。

Permissionless innovation: The freedom and ability to freely create and deploy new protocols on top of the communications constructs that currently exist.

无许可创新:在现有通信结构之上自由创建和部署新协议的自由和能力。

Privacy: The right of an entity (normally a person), acting on its own behalf, to determine the degree to which it will interact with its environment, including the degree to which the entity is willing to share its personal information with others [RFC4949].

隐私权:实体(通常是个人)代表自己决定其与环境互动程度的权利,包括实体愿意与他人共享其个人信息的程度[RFC4949]。

The right of individuals to control or influence what information related to them may be collected and stored, and by whom and to whom that information may be disclosed.

个人有权控制或影响收集和储存与他们有关的信息,以及由谁和向谁披露这些信息。

Privacy is a broad concept relating to the protection of individual or group autonomy and the relationship between an individual or group and society, including government, companies, and private individuals. It is often summarized as "the right to be left alone", but it encompasses a wide range of rights, including protections from intrusions into family and home life, control of sexual and reproductive rights, and communications secrecy. It is commonly recognized as a core right that underpins human dignity and other values such as freedom of association and freedom of speech.

隐私权是一个广泛的概念,涉及保护个人或团体的自主权以及个人或团体与社会(包括政府、公司和个人)之间的关系。它通常被概括为“独处的权利”,但它包括广泛的权利,包括防止家庭和家庭生活受到侵犯、控制性权利和生殖权利以及通信保密。人们普遍认为,这是一项核心权利,是人类尊严和结社自由、言论自由等其他价值观的基础。

The right to privacy is also recognized in nearly every national constitution and in most international human rights treaties. It has been adjudicated upon by both international and regional bodies. The right to privacy is also legally protected at the national level through provisions in civil and/or criminal codes.

几乎每一部国家宪法和大多数国际人权条约都承认隐私权。它已由国际和区域机构作出裁决。隐私权也通过民法和/或刑法的规定在国家一级受到法律保护。

Reliability: Ensures that a protocol will execute its function consistently as described and function without unexpected results. A system that is reliable degenerates gracefully and will have a documented way to announce degradation. It also has mechanisms to recover from failure gracefully and, if applicable, allow for partial healing [dict].

可靠性:确保协议将按照描述一致地执行其功能,并且不会产生意外结果。一个可靠的系统会优雅地退化,并且会有一个记录在案的方式来宣布退化。它还具有优雅地从故障中恢复的机制,如果适用,允许部分修复[dict]。

Resilience: The maintaining of dependability and performance in the face of unanticipated changes and circumstances [Meyer].

弹性:在面对意料之外的变化和环境时保持可靠性和性能[Meyer]。

Robustness: The resistance of protocols and their implementations to errors, and resistance to involuntary, legal, or malicious attempts to disrupt their modes of operation [RFC760] [RFC791] [RFC793] [RFC1122]. Or, framed more positively, a system can provide functionality consistently and without errors despite involuntary, legal, or malicious attempts to disrupt its mode of operation.

健壮性:协议及其实现对错误的抵抗,以及对非自愿、合法或恶意破坏其操作模式的尝试的抵抗[RFC760][RFC791][RFC793][RFC1122]。或者,更积极地说,系统可以始终如一地提供功能,而不会出现错误,尽管有非自愿的、合法的或恶意的破坏其运行模式的企图。

Scalability: The ability to handle increased or decreased system parameters (number of end systems, users, data flows, routing entries, etc.) predictably within defined expectations. There should be a clear definition of its scope and applicability. The limits of a system's scalability should be defined. Growth or shrinkage of these parameters is typically considered by orders of magnitude.

可伸缩性:在规定的预期范围内可预测地处理增加或减少的系统参数(终端系统数量、用户、数据流、路由条目等)的能力。应明确界定其范围和适用性。应该定义系统可伸缩性的限制。这些参数的增长或收缩通常按数量级考虑。

Strong encryption / cryptography: Used to describe a cryptographic algorithm that would require a large amount of computational power to defeat it [RFC4949]. In the modern usage of the definition of "strong encryption", this refers to an amount of computing power currently not available, not even to major state-level actors.

强加密/密码学:用于描述需要大量计算能力才能击败它的加密算法[RFC4949]。在“强加密”定义的现代用法中,这指的是目前不可用的计算能力,即使是主要国家级行为者也不可用。

Transparency: In this context, linked to the comprehensibility of a protocol in relation to the choices it makes for users, protocol developers, and implementers, and to its outcome.

透明度:在这种情况下,与协议的可理解性有关,与协议为用户、协议开发人员和实现人员所做的选择及其结果有关。

Outcome transparency is linked to the comprehensibility of the effects of a protocol in relation to the choices it makes for users, protocol developers, and implementers, including the comprehensibility of possible unintended consequences of protocol choices (e.g., lack of authenticity may lead to lack of integrity and negative externalities).

结果透明度与协议对用户、协议开发者和实施者的选择相关的协议效果的可理解性有关,包括协议选择可能产生的意外后果的可理解性(例如,缺乏真实性可能导致缺乏完整性和负外部性)。

3. Research Questions
3. 研究问题

The Human Rights Protocol Considerations (HRPC) Research Group in the Internet Research Task Force (IRTF) embarked on its mission to answer the following two questions, which are also the main two questions that this document seeks to answer:

互联网研究工作队(IRTF)中的人权议定书考虑(HRPC)研究小组开始其任务,以回答以下两个问题,这也是本文件试图回答的两个主要问题:

1. How can Internet protocols and standards impact human rights, by either enabling them or creating a restrictive environment?

1. 互联网协议和标准是如何影响人权的,通过使人权成为可能还是创造一个限制性的环境?

2. Can guidelines be developed to improve informed and transparent decision-making about the potential impact of protocols on human rights?

2. 能否制定指导方针,改进关于议定书对人权的潜在影响的知情和透明决策?

4. Literature and Discussion Review
4. 文献与讨论综述

Protocols and standards are regularly seen as merely performing technical functions. However, these protocols and standards do not exist outside of their technical context, nor do they exist outside of their political, historical, economic, legal, or cultural context. This is best exemplified by the way in which some Internet processes and protocols have become part and parcel of political processes and public policies: one only has to look at the IANA transition, [RFC7258] ("Pervasive Monitoring Is an Attack"), or global innovation policy, for concrete examples [DeNardis15]. According to [Abbate], "protocols are politics by other means." This statement would probably not garner IETF consensus, but it nonetheless reveals that protocols are based on decision-making, most often by humans. In this process, the values and ideas about the role that a particular technology should perform in society are embedded into the design. Often, these design decisions are partly "purely technical" and partly inspired by a certain world view of how technology should function that is inspired by personal, corporate, and political views. Within the community of IETF participants, there is a strong desire to solve technical problems and to minimize engagement with political processes and non-protocol-related political issues.

协议和标准通常被视为仅仅执行技术功能。然而,这些议定书和标准并不存在于其技术背景之外,也不存在于其政治、历史、经济、法律或文化背景之外。一些互联网流程和协议已成为政治流程和公共政策的重要组成部分,这一点最能说明问题:人们只需看看IANA过渡[RFC7258](“普遍监控是一种攻击”)或全球创新政策,例如具体例子[DeNardis15]。根据[Abbate],“协议是通过其他方式实现的政治。”这一声明可能不会获得IETF的共识,但它揭示了协议是基于决策的,大多数情况下是由人类做出的。在这一过程中,有关特定技术在社会中应扮演的角色的价值观和理念被嵌入到设计中。通常,这些设计决策部分是“纯技术性”的,部分是受个人、企业和政治观点启发的关于技术如何发挥作用的特定世界观的启发。在IETF参与者社区内,人们强烈希望解决技术问题,尽量减少参与政治进程和与协议无关的政治问题。

Since the late 1990s, a burgeoning group of academics and practitioners researched questions surrounding the societal impact of protocols, as well as the politics of protocols. These studies vary in focus and scope: some focus on specific standards [Davidson-etal] [Musiani]; others look into the political, legal, commercial, or social impact of protocols [BrownMarsden] [Lessig] [Mueller]; and yet others look at how the engineers' personal set of values get translated into technology [Abbate] [CathFloridi] [DeNardis15] [WynsbergheMoura].

自20世纪90年代末以来,一个新兴的学者和实践者群体研究了围绕协议的社会影响以及协议政治的问题。这些研究的重点和范围各不相同:一些研究侧重于具体标准[Davidson etal][Musiani];其他人则研究协议的政治、法律、商业或社会影响[BrownMarsden][Lessig][Mueller];还有一些人关注工程师的个人价值观如何转化为技术[Abbate][CathFloridi][DeNardis15][WynsbergheMoura]。

Commercial and political influences on the management of the Internet's infrastructure are well documented in the academic literature and will thus not be discussed here; see [Benkler], [Brown-etal], [DeNardis15], [Lessig], [Mueller], and [Zittrain]. It is sufficient to say that the IETF community consistently tries to push back against the standardization of surveillance and certain other issues that negatively influence an end user's experience of, and trust in, the Internet [DeNardis14]. The role that human rights play in engineering, infrastructure maintenance, and protocol design is much less clear.

对互联网基础设施管理的商业和政治影响在学术文献中有很好的记录,因此在此不再讨论;参见[Benkler]、[Brown etal]、[DeNardis15]、[Lessig]、[Mueller]和[Zittrain]。可以说,IETF社区一直试图抵制监视标准化和某些其他问题,这些问题会对最终用户的互联网体验和信任产生负面影响[Denardis4]。人权在工程、基础设施维护和协议设计中所起的作用就不那么明确了。

It is very important to understand how protocols and standards impact human rights, in particular because SDOs are increasingly becoming venues where social values (like human rights) are discussed, although often from a technological point of view. These SDOs are becoming a new focal point for discussions about "values by design" and the role of technical engineers in protecting or enabling human rights [Brown-etal] [Clark-etal] [DeNardis14] [CathFloridi] [Lessig] [Rachovitsa].

理解协议和标准如何影响人权非常重要,特别是因为SDO正日益成为讨论社会价值(如人权)的场所,尽管通常是从技术角度。这些SDO正在成为讨论“设计价值”和技术工程师在保护或促进人权方面的作用的新焦点[Brown etal][Clark etal][Denardis4][CathFloridi][Lessig][Rachovitsa]。

In the academic literature, five clear positions can be discerned in relation to the role of human rights in protocol design and how to account for these human rights in protocol development: Clark et al. [Clark-etal] argue that there is a need to design "for variation in outcome -- so that the outcome can be different in different places, and the tussle takes place within the design (...)" [as] "Rigid designs will be broken; designs that permit variation will flex under pressure and survive." They hold that human rights should not be hard-coded into protocols for three reasons: First, the rights in the UDHR are not absolute. Second, technology is not the only tool in the tussle over human rights. And last but not least, it is dangerous to make promises that can't be kept. The open nature of the Internet will never, they argue, be enough to fully protect individuals' human rights.

在学术文献中,关于人权在协议设计中的作用以及如何在协议制定中解释这些人权,可以看出五种明确的立场:Clark等人[Clark等人]认为有必要进行设计“对于结果的变化——因此结果可能在不同的地方不同,而争斗发生在设计中(……)”[as]“僵化的设计将被打破;允许变化的设计将在压力下弯曲并存活。“他们认为,人权不应硬编码到议定书中,原因有三:第一,《世界人权宣言》中的权利不是绝对的。第二,技术不是人权斗争中的唯一工具。最后但并非最不重要的是,做出无法兑现的承诺是危险的。他们认为,互联网的开放性永远不足以充分保护个人的人权。

Conversely, Brown et al. [Brown-etal] state that "some key, universal values -- of which the UDHR is the most legitimate expression -- should be baked into the architecture at design time." They argue that design choices have offline consequences and are able to shape the power positions of groups or individuals in society. As such, the individuals making these technical decisions have a moral obligation to take into account the impact of their decisions on society and, by extension, human rights. Brown et al. recognize that values and the implementation of human rights vary across the globe. Yet they argue that all members of the United Nations have found "common agreement on the values proclaimed in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. In looking for the most legitimate set

相反,Brown等人[Brown etal]指出,“一些关键的、普遍的价值观——其中《世界人权宣言》是最合理的表达——应该在设计时融入到建筑中。”他们认为,设计选择具有离线后果,能够塑造群体或个人在社会中的权力地位。因此,作出这些技术决定的个人有道德义务考虑到其决定对社会的影响,进而对人权的影响。Brown等人认识到,全球各地的价值观和人权落实情况各不相同。然而,他们争辩说,联合国所有会员国都在《世界人权宣言》中宣布的价值观上找到了“共同的一致意见

of global values to embed in the future Internet architectures, the UDHR has the democratic assent of a significant fraction of the planet's population, through their elected representatives."

《世界人权宣言》通过其民选代表获得了地球上相当一部分人口的民主同意,这是未来互联网架构中要嵌入的全球价值观。”

The main disagreement between these two academic positions lies mostly in the question of whether (1) a particular value system should be embedded into the Internet's architectures or (2) the architectures need to account for a varying set of values.

这两种学术立场之间的主要分歧主要在于:(1)一个特定的价值体系应该嵌入到互联网的架构中,还是(2)架构需要考虑一组不同的价值。

A third position, which is similar to that of Brown et al., is taken by [Broeders], in which Broeders argues that "we must find ways to continue guaranteeing the overall integrity and functionality of the public core of the Internet." He argues that the best way to do this is by declaring the backbone of the Internet -- which includes the TCP/IP protocol suite, numerous standards, the Domain Name System (DNS), and routing protocols -- a common public good. This is a different approach than those of [Clark-etal] and [Brown-etal] because Broeders does not suggest that social values should (or should not) be explicitly coded into the Internet, but rather that the existing infrastructure should be seen as an entity of public value.

第三个立场与Brown等人的立场类似,由[Broeders]提出,Broeders认为“我们必须找到方法继续保证互联网公共核心的整体完整性和功能性。”他认为,实现这一点的最佳方式是将互联网的主干网——包括TCP/IP协议套件、众多标准、域名系统(DNS)和路由协议——宣布为公共产品。这与[Clark etal]和[Brown etal]的方法不同,因为Broeders并不建议社会价值应该(或不应该)明确编码到互联网中,而是建议将现有基础设施视为公共价值的实体。

Bless and Orwat [Bless2] represent a fourth position. They argue that it is too early to make any definitive claims but that there is a need for more careful analysis of the impact of protocol design choices on human rights. They also argue that it is important to search for solutions that "create awareness in the technical community about impact of design choices on social values" and "work towards a methodology for co-design of technical and institutional systems."

祝福和奥瓦[Bless2]代表第四个位置。他们认为,现在作出任何明确的声明还为时过早,但需要更仔细地分析议定书设计选择对人权的影响。他们还认为,重要的是要寻求解决方案,“让技术界认识到设计选择对社会价值的影响”,并“努力找到技术和制度体系共同设计的方法。”

Berners-Lee and Halpin [BernersLeeHalpin] represent a fifth position. They argue that the Internet could lead to even newer capacities, and these capacities may over time be viewed as new kinds of rights. For example, Internet access may be viewed as a human right in and of itself if it is taken to be a precondition for other rights, even if it could not have been predicted at the time that the UDHR was written (after the end of World War II).

伯纳斯·李和哈尔平代表第五位。他们认为,互联网可能带来更新的能力,随着时间的推移,这些能力可能被视为新的权利。例如,如果互联网接入被视为其他权利的先决条件,那么互联网接入本身就可以被视为一项人权,即使在《世界人权宣言》编写时(二战结束后)无法预测。

It is important to contextualize the technical discussion with the academic discussions on this issue. The academic discussions are also important to document, as they inform the position of the authors of this document. The research group's position is that hard-coding human rights into protocols is complicated and changes with the context. At this point, it is difficult to say whether or not hard-coding human rights into protocols is wise or feasible. Additionally, there are many human rights, but not all are relevant for information and communications technologies (ICTs). A partial

将技术讨论与关于这个问题的学术讨论结合起来是很重要的。学术讨论对记录也很重要,因为它们说明了本文件作者的立场。研究小组的立场是,将人权硬编码为议定书是复杂的,并且会随着环境的变化而变化。在这一点上,很难说将人权硬编码为议定书是否明智或可行。此外,还有许多人权,但并非所有人权都与信息和通信技术有关。局部

catalog (with references to sources) of human rights related to ICTs can be found in [Hill2014]. It is, however, important to make conscious and explicit design decisions that take into account the human rights protocol considerations guidelines developed below. This will contribute to the understanding of the impact that protocols can have on human rights, for both developers and users. In addition, it contributes to (1) the careful consideration of the impact that a specific protocol might have on human rights and (2) the dissemination of the practice of documenting protocol design decisions related to human rights.

与信息和通信技术有关的人权目录(参考资料来源)见[Hill2014]。然而,重要的是作出有意识和明确的设计决定,考虑到下文制定的《人权议定书考虑事项准则》。这将有助于开发者和用户了解协议对人权的影响。此外,它有助于(1)认真考虑特定议定书可能对人权产生的影响;(2)传播记录与人权有关的议定书设计决定的做法。

Pursuant to the principle of constant change, because the function and scope of the Internet evolve, so does the role of the IETF in developing standards. Internet Standards are adopted based on a series of criteria, including high technical quality, support by community consensus, and their overall benefit to the Internet. The latter calls for an assessment of the interests of all affected parties and the specifications' impact on the Internet's users. In this respect, the effective exercise of the human rights of the Internet users is a relevant consideration that needs to be appreciated in the standardization process insofar as it is directly linked to the reliability and core values of the Internet [RFC1958] [RFC2775] [RFC3439] [RFC3724].

根据不断变化的原则,由于互联网的功能和范围不断变化,IETF在制定标准中的作用也在不断变化。互联网标准的采用基于一系列标准,包括高技术质量、社区共识支持以及它们对互联网的总体效益。后者要求评估所有受影响方的利益以及规范对互联网用户的影响。在这方面,互联网用户人权的有效行使是标准化过程中需要考虑的相关因素,因为它与互联网的可靠性和核心价值直接相关[RFC1958][RFC2775][RFC3439][RFC3724]。

This document details the steps taken in the research into human rights protocol considerations by the HRPC Research Group to clarify the relationship between technical concepts used in the IETF and human rights. This document sets out some preliminary steps and considerations for engineers to take into account when developing standards and protocols.

本文件详细说明了HRPC研究小组在人权协议考虑因素研究中采取的步骤,以澄清IETF中使用的技术概念与人权之间的关系。本文件规定了工程师在制定标准和协议时应考虑的一些初步步骤和注意事项。

5. Methodology
5. 方法论

Mapping the relationship between human rights, protocols, and architectures is a new research challenge that requires a good amount of interdisciplinary and cross-organizational cooperation to develop a consistent methodology.

绘制人权、协议和架构之间的关系是一项新的研究挑战,需要大量的跨学科和跨组织合作来开发一致的方法。

The methodological choices made in this document are based on the political-science-based method of discourse analysis and ethnographic research methods [Cath]. This work departs from the assumption that language reflects the understanding of concepts. Or, as [Jabri] holds, policy documents are "social relations represented in texts where the language contained within these texts is used to construct meaning and representation." This process happens in society [Denzin] and manifests itself in institutions and organizations [King], exposed using the ethnographic methods of semi-structured interviews and participant observation. Or, in non-academic

本文中的方法选择基于基于政治学的话语分析方法和人种学研究方法[Cath]。这项工作背离了语言反映概念理解的假设。或者,正如[Jabri]所认为的,政策文件是“文本中表达的社会关系,这些文本中包含的语言用于构建意义和表达。”这一过程发生在社会[Denzin],并体现在机构和组织[King]中,采用半结构化访谈和参与者观察的人种学方法进行曝光。或者,在非学术领域

language, the way the language in IETF/IRTF documents describes and approaches the issues they are trying to address is an indication of the underlying social assumptions and relationships of the engineers to their engineering. By reading and analyzing these documents, as well as interviewing engineers and participating in the IETF/IRTF working groups, it is possible to distill the relationship between human rights, protocols, and the Internet's infrastructure as it pertains to the work of the IETF.

语言,IETF/IRTF文件中的语言描述和处理他们试图解决的问题的方式,表明了潜在的社会假设和工程师与其工程的关系。通过阅读和分析这些文件,以及采访工程师和参加IETF/IRTF工作组,可以提炼出人权、协议和互联网基础设施之间的关系,因为这与IETF的工作有关。

The discourse analysis was operationalized using qualitative and quantitative means. The first step taken by the authors and contributors was reading RFCs and other official IETF documents. The second step was the use of a Python-based analyzer, using the "Bigbang" tool, adapted by Nick Doty [Doty], to scan for the concepts that were identified as important architectural principles (distilled on the initial reading and supplemented by the interviews and participant observation). Such a quantitative method is very precise and speeds up the research process [Ritchie]. But this tool is unable to understand "latent meaning" [Denzin]. In order to mitigate these issues of automated word-frequency-based approaches and to get a sense of the "thick meaning" [Geertz] of the data, a second qualitative analysis of the data set was performed. These various rounds of discourse analysis were used to inform the interviews and further data analysis. As such, the initial rounds of quantitative discourse analysis were used to inform the second rounds of qualitative analysis. The results from the qualitative interviews were again used to feed new concepts into the quantitative discourse analysis. As such, the two methods continued to support and enrich each other.

语篇分析采用定性和定量相结合的方法。作者和贡献者采取的第一步是阅读RFC和其他IETF官方文件。第二步是使用基于Python的分析器,使用Nick Doty[Doty]改编的“Bigbang”工具,扫描被确定为重要架构原则的概念(在最初阅读中提炼,并通过访谈和参与者观察进行补充)。这种定量方法非常精确,并且加快了研究过程[Ritchie]。但这一工具无法理解“潜在意义”[Denzin]。为了缓解基于词频的自动化方法的这些问题,并了解数据的“厚含义”[Geertz],对数据集进行了第二次定性分析。这些不同回合的话语分析被用于通知访谈和进一步的数据分析。因此,第一轮定量话语分析被用于第二轮定性分析。定性访谈的结果再次被用于将新概念引入定量话语分析。因此,这两种方法继续相互支持和丰富。

The ethnographic methods of the data collection and processing allowed the research group to acquire the data necessary to "provide a holistic understanding of research participants' views and actions" [Denzin] that highlighted ongoing issues and case studies where protocols impact human rights. The interview participants were selected through purposive sampling [Babbie], as the research group was interested in getting a wide variety of opinions on the role of human rights in guiding protocol development. This sampling method also ensured that individuals with extensive experience working at the IETF in various roles were targeted. The interviewees included individuals in leadership positions (Working Group (WG) chairs, Area Directors (ADs)), "regular participants", and individuals working for specific entities (corporate, civil society, political, academic) and represented various backgrounds, nationalities, and genders.

数据收集和处理的人种学方法使研究小组能够获得必要的数据,以便“全面了解研究参与者的观点和行动”[Denzin],强调协议影响人权的正在进行的问题和案例研究。访谈参与者是通过目的性抽样[Babbie]选择的,因为研究小组有兴趣获得关于人权在指导方案制定中的作用的各种意见。这种抽样方法还确保了具有在IETF中担任各种角色的丰富经验的个人成为目标。受访者包括担任领导职务的个人(工作组(WG)主席、区域主任(ADs))、“定期参与者”以及为特定实体(企业、民间社会、政治、学术)工作的个人,他们代表着不同的背景、国籍和性别。

5.1. Data Sources
5.1. 数据源

In order to map the potential relationship between human rights and protocols, the HRPC Research Group gathered data from three specific sources:

为了确定人权与议定书之间的潜在关系,人权保护委员会研究小组从三个具体来源收集了数据:

5.1.1. Discourse Analysis of RFCs
5.1.1. RFCs的语篇分析

To start addressing the issue, a mapping exercise analyzing Internet infrastructure and protocol features vis-a-vis their possible impact on human rights was undertaken. Therefore, research on (1) the language used in current and historic RFCs and (2) information gathered from mailing-list discussions was undertaken to expose core architectural principles, language, and deliberations on the human rights of those affected by the network.

为了开始解决这一问题,开展了一项绘图工作,分析互联网基础设施和协议特点及其对人权可能产生的影响。因此,对(1)当前和历史RFC中使用的语言和(2)从邮件列表讨论中收集的信息进行了研究,以揭示核心架构原则、语言和受网络影响者的人权审议。

5.1.2. Interviews with Members of the IETF Community
5.1.2. 对IETF社区成员的采访

Over 30 interviews with the current and past members of the Internet Architecture Board (IAB), current and past members of the Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG), chairs of selected working groups, and RFC authors were done at the IETF 92 meeting in Dallas in March 2015 to get an insider's understanding of how they view the relationship (if any) between human rights and protocols, and how this relationship plays out in their work. Several of the participants opted to remain anonymous. If you are interested in this data set, please contact the authors of this document.

2015年3月在达拉斯举行的IETF 92会议上,对互联网体系结构委员会(IAB)现任和前任成员、互联网工程指导小组(IESG)现任和前任成员、选定工作组主席以及RFC作者进行了30多次访谈,以了解内部人士如何看待这种关系(如果有的话)人权和议定书之间的关系,以及这种关系在他们的工作中如何发挥作用。一些与会者选择匿名。如果您对此数据集感兴趣,请与本文件的作者联系。

5.1.3. Participant Observation in Working Groups
5.1.3. 工作组中的参与者观察

By participating in various working groups, in person at IETF meetings, and on mailing lists, information about the IETF's day-to-day workings was gathered, from which general themes, technical concepts, and use cases about human rights and protocols were extracted. This process started at the IETF 91 meeting in Honolulu and continues today.

通过参加各种工作组、亲自参加IETF会议和邮件列表,收集了IETF的日常工作信息,从中提取了关于人权和协议的一般主题、技术概念和用例。这一过程始于在檀香山举行的IETF 91会议,并一直持续到今天。

5.2. Data Analysis Strategies
5.2. 数据分析策略

The data above was processed using three consecutive strategies: mapping protocols related to human rights, extracting concepts from these protocols, and creation of a common glossary (detailed under Section 2). Before going over these strategies, some elaboration on the process of identifying technical concepts as they relate to human rights is needed:

上述数据是使用三种连续的战略处理的:绘制与人权有关的议定书,从这些议定书中提取概念,以及创建一个共同的词汇表(详见第2节)。在审查这些战略之前,需要对确定与人权有关的技术概念的过程作一些详细说明:

5.2.1. Identifying Qualities of Technical Concepts That Relate to Human Rights

5.2.1. 确定与人权有关的技术概念的性质

5.2.1.1. Mapping Protocols and Standards to Human Rights
5.2.1.1. 将议定书和标准与人权挂钩

By combining data from the three data sources named above, an extensive list of protocols and standards that potentially enable the Internet as a tool for freedom of expression and association was created. In order to determine the enabling (or inhibiting) features, we relied on direct references in the RFCs as related to such impacts, as well as input from the community. Based on this analysis, a list of RFCs that describe standards and protocols that are potentially closely related to human rights was compiled.

通过合并上述三个数据源的数据,创建了一份广泛的协议和标准清单,这些协议和标准有可能使互联网成为言论和结社自由的工具。为了确定使能(或抑制)特征,我们依赖RFC中与此类影响相关的直接参考,以及来自社区的输入。根据这一分析,汇编了一份说明可能与人权密切相关的标准和议定书的RFC清单。

5.2.1.2. Extracting Concepts from Selected RFCs
5.2.1.2. 从选定的RFC中提取概念

The first step was to identify the protocols and standards that are related to human rights and to create an environment that enables human rights. For that, we needed to focus on specific technical concepts that underlie these protocols and standards. Based on this list, a number of technical concepts that appeared frequently were extracted and used to create a second list of technical terms that, when combined and applied in different circumstances, create an enabling environment for exercising human rights on the Internet.

第一步是确定与人权有关的议定书和标准,并创造促进人权的环境。为此,我们需要关注这些协议和标准背后的特定技术概念。在这份清单的基础上,提取了经常出现的一些技术概念,并利用这些概念编制了第二份技术术语清单,这些术语在不同情况下结合使用,为在互联网上行使人权创造了有利环境。

5.2.1.3. Building a Common Vocabulary of Technical Concepts That Impact Human Rights

5.2.1.3. 建立影响人权的技术概念的共同词汇表

While interviewing experts, investigating RFCs, and compiling technical definitions, several concepts of convergence and divergence were identified. To ensure that the discussion was based on a common understanding of terms and vocabulary, a list of definitions was created. The definitions are based on the wording found in various IETF documents; if the definitions were not available therein, definitions were taken from other SDOs or academic literature, as indicated in Section 2.

在采访专家、调查RFC和汇编技术定义时,确定了几个趋同和分歧的概念。为了确保讨论基于对术语和词汇的共同理解,创建了定义列表。定义基于各种IETF文件中的措辞;如第2节所述,如果其中没有定义,则定义取自其他SDO或学术文献。

5.2.1.4. Translating Human Rights Concepts into Technical Definitions
5.2.1.4. 将人权概念转化为技术定义

The previous steps allowed for the clarification of relationships between human rights and technical concepts. The steps taken show how the research process "zoomed in", from compiling a broad list of protocols and standards that relate to human rights to extracting the precise technical concepts that make up these protocols and standards, in order to understand the relationship between the two. This subsection presents the next step: translating human rights to technical concepts by matching the individual components of the rights to the accompanying technical concepts, allowing for the creation of a list of technical concepts that, when partially combined, can create an enabling environment for human rights.

以前的步骤有助于澄清人权与技术概念之间的关系。所采取的步骤显示了研究过程是如何“放大”的,从汇编与人权有关的议定书和标准的广泛清单到提取构成这些议定书和标准的精确技术概念,以便了解两者之间的关系。本小节介绍了下一步:将人权转化为技术概念,方法是将人权的各个组成部分与所附的技术概念相匹配,从而可以创建一份技术概念清单,如果将这些概念部分结合起来,可以为人权创造有利的环境。

5.2.1.5. List of Technical Terms That, When Partially Combined, Can Create an Enabling Environment for Human Rights

5.2.1.5. 部分合并后可为人权创造有利环境的技术术语清单

Based on the prior steps, the following list of technical terms was drafted. When partially combined, this list can create an enabling environment for human rights, such as freedom of expression and freedom of association.

根据先前的步骤,起草了以下技术术语清单。如果部分合并,这一清单可以为人权创造有利的环境,例如言论自由和结社自由。

Architectural principles Enabling features and system properties for user rights

为用户权限启用功能和系统属性的体系结构原则

                      /------------------------------------------------\
                      |                                                |
    +=================|=============================+                  |
    =                 |                             =                  |
    =                 |           End-to-end        =                  |
    =                 |          Reliability        =                  |
    =                 |           Resilience        =  Access as       |
    =                 |        Interoperability     =   human right    |
    =    Good enough  |          Transparency       =                  |
    =     principle   |       Data minimization     =                  |
    =                 |  Permissionless innovation  =                  |
    =    Simplicity   |     Graceful degradation    =                  |
    =                 |          Connectivity       =                  |
    =                 |      Heterogeneity support  =                  |
    =                 |                             =                  |
    =                 |                             =                  |
    =                 \------------------------------------------------/
    =                                               =
    +===============================================+
        
                      /------------------------------------------------\
                      |                                                |
    +=================|=============================+                  |
    =                 |                             =                  |
    =                 |           End-to-end        =                  |
    =                 |          Reliability        =                  |
    =                 |           Resilience        =  Access as       |
    =                 |        Interoperability     =   human right    |
    =    Good enough  |          Transparency       =                  |
    =     principle   |       Data minimization     =                  |
    =                 |  Permissionless innovation  =                  |
    =    Simplicity   |     Graceful degradation    =                  |
    =                 |          Connectivity       =                  |
    =                 |      Heterogeneity support  =                  |
    =                 |                             =                  |
    =                 |                             =                  |
    =                 \------------------------------------------------/
    =                                               =
    +===============================================+
        

Figure 1: Relationship between Architectural Principles and Enabling Features for User Rights

图1:体系结构原则和用户权限启用功能之间的关系

5.2.2. Relating Human Rights to Technical Concepts
5.2.2. 将人权与技术概念联系起来

The technical concepts listed in the steps above have been grouped according to their impact on specific rights, as mentioned in the interviews done at IETF 92 as well as the study of literature (see Section 4 ("Literature and Discussion Review") above).

上述步骤中列出的技术概念已根据其对特定权利的影响进行分组,如IETF 92访谈以及文献研究所述(见上文第4节(“文献和讨论回顾”)。

This analysis aims to assist protocol developers in better understanding the roles that specific technical concepts have with regard to their contribution to an enabling environment for people to exercise their human rights.

这一分析旨在帮助议定书制定者更好地理解具体技术概念在为人民行使人权创造有利环境方面的作用。

This analysis does not claim to be a complete or exhaustive mapping of all possible ways in which protocols could potentially impact human rights, but it presents a mapping of initial concepts based on interviews and on discussion and review of the literature.

这项分析并不声称是对议定书可能对人权产生潜在影响的所有可能方式的完整或详尽的描述,但它根据访谈以及对文献的讨论和审查提出了初步概念的描述。

   +-----------------------+-----------------------------------------+
   | Technical Concepts    | Rights Potentially Impacted             |
   +-----------------------+-----------------------------------------+
   | Connectivity          |                                         |
   | Privacy               |                                         |
   | Security              |                                         |
   | Content agnosticism   | Right to freedom of expression          |
   | Internationalization  |                                         |
   | Censorship resistance |                                         |
   | Open standards        |                                         |
   | Heterogeneity support |                                         |
   +-----------------------+-----------------------------------------+
   | Anonymity             |                                         |
   | Privacy               |                                         |
   | Pseudonymity          | Right to non-discrimination             |
   | Accessibility         |                                         |
   +-----------------------+-----------------------------------------+
   | Content agnosticism   |                                         |
   | Security              | Right to equal protection               |
   +-----------------------+-----------------------------------------+
   | Accessibility         |                                         |
   | Internationalization  | Right to political participation        |
   | Censorship resistance |                                         |
   | Connectivity          |                                         |
   +-----------------------+-----------------------------------------+
   | Open standards        |                                         |
   | Localization          | Right to participate in cultural life,  |
   | Internationalization  |    arts, and science, and               |
   | Censorship resistance | Right to education                      |
   | Accessibility         |                                         |
        
   +-----------------------+-----------------------------------------+
   | Technical Concepts    | Rights Potentially Impacted             |
   +-----------------------+-----------------------------------------+
   | Connectivity          |                                         |
   | Privacy               |                                         |
   | Security              |                                         |
   | Content agnosticism   | Right to freedom of expression          |
   | Internationalization  |                                         |
   | Censorship resistance |                                         |
   | Open standards        |                                         |
   | Heterogeneity support |                                         |
   +-----------------------+-----------------------------------------+
   | Anonymity             |                                         |
   | Privacy               |                                         |
   | Pseudonymity          | Right to non-discrimination             |
   | Accessibility         |                                         |
   +-----------------------+-----------------------------------------+
   | Content agnosticism   |                                         |
   | Security              | Right to equal protection               |
   +-----------------------+-----------------------------------------+
   | Accessibility         |                                         |
   | Internationalization  | Right to political participation        |
   | Censorship resistance |                                         |
   | Connectivity          |                                         |
   +-----------------------+-----------------------------------------+
   | Open standards        |                                         |
   | Localization          | Right to participate in cultural life,  |
   | Internationalization  |    arts, and science, and               |
   | Censorship resistance | Right to education                      |
   | Accessibility         |                                         |
        
   +-----------------------+-----------------------------------------+
   | Connectivity          |                                         |
   | Decentralization      |                                         |
   | Censorship resistance | Right to freedom of assembly            |
   | Pseudonymity          |    and association                      |
   | Anonymity             |                                         |
   | Security              |                                         |
   +-----------------------+-----------------------------------------+
   | Reliability           |                                         |
   | Confidentiality       |                                         |
   | Integrity             | Right to security                       |
   | Authenticity          |                                         |
   | Anonymity             |                                         |
   |                       |                                         |
   +-----------------------+-----------------------------------------+
        
   +-----------------------+-----------------------------------------+
   | Connectivity          |                                         |
   | Decentralization      |                                         |
   | Censorship resistance | Right to freedom of assembly            |
   | Pseudonymity          |    and association                      |
   | Anonymity             |                                         |
   | Security              |                                         |
   +-----------------------+-----------------------------------------+
   | Reliability           |                                         |
   | Confidentiality       |                                         |
   | Integrity             | Right to security                       |
   | Authenticity          |                                         |
   | Anonymity             |                                         |
   |                       |                                         |
   +-----------------------+-----------------------------------------+
        

Figure 2: Relationship between Specific Technical Concepts with Regard to Their Contribution to an Enabling Environment for People to Exercise Their Human Rights

图2:具体技术概念与它们对人民行使人权的有利环境的贡献之间的关系

5.2.3. Mapping Cases of Protocols, Implementations, and Networking Paradigms That Adversely Impact Human Rights or Are Enablers Thereof

5.2.3. 绘制对人权产生不利影响或促成人权的协议、实施和网络范例的案例

Given the information above, the following list of cases of protocols, implementations, and networking paradigms that either adversely impact or enable human rights was formed.

鉴于上述信息,形成了以下对人权产生不利影响或促成人权的协议、实施和网络范例案例清单。

It is important to note that the assessment here is not a general judgment on these protocols, nor is it an exhaustive listing of all the potential negative or positive impacts on human rights that these protocols might have. When these protocols were conceived, there were many criteria to take into account. For instance, relying on a centralized service can be bad for freedom of speech (it creates one more control point, where censorship could be applied), but it may be a necessity if the endpoints are not connected and reachable permanently. So, when we say "protocol X has feature Y, which may endanger freedom of speech," it does not mean that protocol X is bad, much less that its authors were evil. The goal here is to show, with actual examples, that the design of protocols has practical consequences for some human rights and that these consequences have to be considered in the design phase.

必须指出,这里的评估不是对这些议定书的一般判断,也不是详尽列出这些议定书可能对人权产生的所有潜在消极或积极影响。在构思这些协议时,有许多标准需要考虑。例如,依赖集中化服务可能不利于言论自由(它会创建一个更多的控制点,可以在这里实施审查),但如果端点没有连接且无法永久访问,则可能是必要的。因此,当我们说“X协议具有可能危及言论自由的Y特征”时,并不意味着X协议是坏的,更不用说它的作者是邪恶的了。这里的目标是通过实际例子表明,议定书的设计对某些人权具有实际影响,这些影响必须在设计阶段加以考虑。

5.2.3.1. IPv4
5.2.3.1. IPv4

The Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4), also known as "Layer 3" of the Internet and specified with a common encapsulation and protocol header, is defined in [RFC791]. The evolution of Internet communications led to continued development in this area, "encapsulated" in the development of version 6 (IPv6) of the protocol [RFC8200]. In spite of this updated protocol, we find that 23 years after the specification of IPv6 the older IPv4 standard continues to account for a sizable majority of Internet traffic. Most of the issues discussed here (Network Address Translators (NATs) are a major exception; see Section 5.2.3.1.2 ("Address Translation and Mobility")) are valid for IPv4 as well as IPv6.

[RFC791]中定义了Internet协议版本4(IPv4),也称为Internet的“第3层”,并使用通用封装和协议头指定。互联网通信的发展导致了该领域的持续发展,在协议[RFC8200]版本6(IPv6)的开发中“封装”。尽管有了这一更新的协议,我们发现在IPv6规范制定23年后,较旧的IPv4标准仍然占据了相当大的互联网流量。这里讨论的大多数问题(网络地址转换器(NAT)是一个主要的例外;请参阅第5.2.3.1.2节(“地址转换和移动”))对IPv4和IPv6都有效。

The Internet was designed as a platform for free and open communication, most notably encoded in the end-to-end principle, and that philosophy is also present in the technical implementation of IP [RFC3724]. While the protocol was designed to exist in an environment where intelligence is at the end hosts, it has proven to provide sufficient information that a more intelligent network core can make policy decisions and enforce policy-based traffic shaping, thereby restricting the communications of end hosts. These capabilities for network control and for limitations on freedom of expression by end hosts can be traced back to the design of IPv4, helping us to understand which technical protocol decisions have led to harm to this human right. A feature that can harm freedom of expression as well as the right to privacy through misuse of IP is the exploitation of the public visibility of the host pairs for all communications and the corresponding ability to differentiate and block traffic as a result of that metadata.

互联网被设计为一个自由开放的交流平台,最显著的是编码为端到端原则,这一理念也体现在IP的技术实现中[RFC3724]。虽然该协议被设计为存在于智能位于终端主机的环境中,但它已被证明提供了足够的信息,即更智能的网络核心可以做出策略决策并实施基于策略的流量整形,从而限制终端主机的通信。这些网络控制和限制终端主机言论自由的能力可以追溯到IPv4的设计,帮助我们了解哪些技术协议决定导致了对这项人权的损害。滥用IP可能损害言论自由和隐私权的一个特点是利用主机对的公共可见性进行所有通信,并利用元数据区分和阻止通信的相应能力。

5.2.3.1.1. Network Visibility of Source and Destination
5.2.3.1.1. 源和目标的网络可见性

The IPv4 protocol header contains fixed location fields for both the source IP address and destination IP address [RFC791]. These addresses identify both the host sending and the host receiving each message; they also allow the core network to understand who is talking to whom and to practically limit communication selectively between pairs of hosts. Blocking of communication based on the pair of source and destination is one of the most common limitations on the ability for people to communicate today [CAIDA] and can be seen as a restriction of the ability for people to assemble or to consensually express themselves.

IPv4协议标头包含源IP地址和目标IP地址[RFC791]的固定位置字段。这些地址标识发送和接收每条消息的主机;它们还允许核心网络了解谁在和谁说话,并实际上有选择地限制主机对之间的通信。基于来源和目的地对的通信阻塞是当今人们通信能力的最常见限制之一[CAIDA],可以被视为对人们聚集或一致表达自己能力的限制。

Inclusion of an Internet-wide identified source in the IP header is not the only possible design, especially since the protocol is most commonly implemented over Ethernet networks exposing only link-local identifiers [RFC894].

在IP报头中包含互联网范围的标识源并不是唯一可能的设计,特别是因为协议通常通过以太网实现,只公开链路本地标识符[RFC894]。

A variety of alternative designs do exist, such as the Accountable and Private Internet Protocol [APIP] and High-speed Onion Routing at the Network Layer (HORNET) [HORNET] as well as source routing. The latter would allow the sender to choose a predefined (safe) route and spoofing of the source IP address, which are technically supported by IPv4, but neither are considered good practice on the Internet [Farrow]. While projects like [TorProject] provide an alternative implementation of anonymity in connections, they have been developed in spite of the IPv4 protocol design.

存在多种替代设计,例如可问责的专用互联网协议[APIP]和网络层的高速洋葱路由(HORNET)[HORNET]以及源路由。后者允许发送方选择预定义(安全)路由并欺骗源IP地址,这在技术上受IPv4支持,但两者都不被视为互联网上的良好做法[Farrow]。虽然像[TorProject]这样的项目提供了连接中匿名性的替代实现,但它们是在IPv4协议设计的情况下开发的。

5.2.3.1.2. Address Translation and Mobility
5.2.3.1.2. 地址转换和移动

A major structural shift in the Internet that undermined the protocol design of IPv4, and significantly reduced the freedom of end users to communicate and assemble, was the introduction of network address translation [RFC3022]. Network address translation is a process whereby organizations and autonomous systems connect two networks by translating the IPv4 source and destination addresses between them. This process puts the router performing the translation in a privileged position, where it is predetermined which subset of communications will be translated.

互联网的一个重大结构变化是网络地址转换的引入[RFC3022],它破坏了IPv4的协议设计,并显著降低了最终用户通信和组装的自由度。网络地址转换是组织和自治系统通过在两个网络之间转换IPv4源地址和目标地址来连接两个网络的过程。该过程将执行翻译的路由器置于特权位置,在此位置预先确定将翻译哪个通信子集。

This process of translation has widespread adoption despite promoting a process that goes against the stated end-to-end process of the underlying protocol [NATusage]. In contrast, the proposed mechanism to provide support for mobility and forwarding to clients that may move -- encoded instead as an option in IP [RFC5944] -- has failed to gain traction. In this situation, the compromise made in the design of the protocol resulted in a technology that is not coherent with the end-to-end principles and thus creates an extra possible hurdle for freedom of expression in its design, even though a viable alternative exists. There is a particular problem surrounding NATs and Virtual Private Networks (VPNs) (as well as other connections used for privacy purposes), as NATs sometimes cause VPNs not to work.

尽管这种翻译过程与底层协议的端到端过程[NATusage]背道而驰,但它仍被广泛采用。相比之下,为移动和转发到可能移动的客户机提供支持的拟议机制——改为在IP[RFC5944]中编码为选项——未能获得支持。在这种情况下,在议定书的设计中作出的妥协导致了一种与端到端原则不一致的技术,从而为其设计中的言论自由设置了额外的可能障碍,即使存在可行的替代方案。NAT和虚拟专用网络(VPN)(以及用于隐私目的的其他连接)存在一个特殊问题,因为NAT有时会导致VPN无法工作。

5.2.3.2. DNS
5.2.3.2. 域名服务器

The Domain Name System (DNS) [RFC1035] provides service discovery capabilities and provides a mechanism to associate human-readable names with services. The DNS is organized around a set of independently operated "root servers" run by organizations that function in line with ICANN's policy by answering queries for which organizations have been delegated to manage registration under each Top-Level Domain (TLD). The DNS is organized as a rooted tree, and this brings up political and social concerns over control. TLDs are maintained and determined by ICANN. These namespaces encompass several classes of services. The initial namespaces, including ".com" and ".net", provide common spaces for expression of ideas,

域名系统(DNS)[RFC1035]提供服务发现功能,并提供将人类可读名称与服务关联的机制。DNS是围绕一组独立运行的“根服务器”组织的,这些根服务器由组织运行,这些组织根据ICANN的政策运作,通过回答已授权哪些组织管理每个顶级域(TLD)下的注册的查询。DNS被组织成一棵有根的树,这引起了对控制的政治和社会关注。TLD由ICANN维护和确定。这些名称空间包含几类服务。初始名称空间,包括“.com”和“.net”,提供了表达想法的公共空间,

though their policies are enacted through US-based companies. Other namespaces are delegated to specific nationalities and may impose limits designed to focus speech in those forums, to both (1) promote speech from that nationality and (2) comply with local limits on expression and social norms. Finally, the system has recently been expanded with additional generic and sponsored namespaces -- for instance, ".travel" and ".ninja" -- that are operated by a range of organizations that may independently determine their registration policies. This new development has both positive and negative implications in terms of enabling human rights. Some individuals argue that it undermines the right to freedom of expression because some of these new generic TLDs have restricted policies on registration and particular rules on hate speech content. Others argue that precisely these properties are positive because they enable certain (mostly minority) communities to build safer spaces for association, thereby enabling their right to freedom of association. An often-mentioned example is an application like .gay [CoE].

尽管他们的政策是通过美国公司制定的。其他名称空间被授予特定的国籍,可能会施加限制,以集中在这些论坛上的演讲,(1)促进来自该国籍的演讲,(2)遵守当地的表达和社会规范限制。最后,该系统最近还扩展了其他通用名称空间和赞助名称空间,例如“.travel”和“.ninja”,这些名称空间由一系列可能独立决定其注册政策的组织操作。这一新发展对促进人权既有积极影响,也有消极影响。一些人认为,这损害了言论自由的权利,因为一些新的通用TLD限制了登记政策和仇恨言论内容的特定规则。另一些人则认为,正是这些属性是积极的,因为它们使某些(主要是少数族裔)社区能够建立更安全的结社空间,从而实现他们的结社自由权。一个经常提到的例子是像.gay[CoE]这样的应用程序。

As discussed in [RFC7626], DNS has significant privacy issues. Most notable is the lack of encryption to limit the visibility of requests for domain resolution from intermediary parties, and a limited deployment of DNSSEC to provide authentication, allowing the client to know that they received a correct, "authoritative" answer to a query. In response to the privacy issues, the IETF DNS Private Exchange (DPRIVE) Working Group is developing mechanisms to provide confidentiality to DNS transactions, to address concerns surrounding pervasive monitoring [RFC7258].

如[RFC7626]所述,DNS存在重大隐私问题。最值得注意的是缺乏加密以限制中间方对域解析请求的可见性,以及有限地部署DNSSEC以提供身份验证,从而允许客户端知道他们收到了正确的“权威”查询答案。为了应对隐私问题,IETF DNS专用交换(DPRIVE)工作组正在开发为DNS交易提供保密性的机制,以解决围绕普遍监控的问题[RFC7258]。

Authentication through DNSSEC creates a validation path for records. This authentication protects against forged or manipulated DNS data. As such, DNSSEC protects directory lookups and makes it harder to hijack a session. This is important because interference with the operation of the DNS is currently becoming one of the central mechanisms used to block access to websites. This interference limits both the freedom of expression of the publisher to offer their content and the freedom of assembly for clients to congregate in a shared virtual space. Even though DNSSEC doesn't prevent censorship, it makes it clear that the returned information is not the information that was requested; this contributes to the right to security and increases trust in the network. It is, however, important to note that DNSSEC is currently not widely supported or deployed by domain name registrars, making it difficult to authenticate and use correctly.

通过DNSSEC的身份验证为记录创建验证路径。此身份验证可防止伪造或操纵的DNS数据。因此,DNSSEC保护目录查找并使劫持会话变得更加困难。这一点很重要,因为对DNS操作的干扰目前正成为阻止访问网站的主要机制之一。这种干扰既限制了出版商提供内容的表达自由,也限制了客户聚集在共享虚拟空间的集会自由。尽管DNSSEC没有阻止审查,但它明确表示,返回的信息不是所请求的信息;这有助于保障安全权并增加对网络的信任。然而,值得注意的是,域名注册商目前并不广泛支持或部署DNSSEC,这使得验证和正确使用DNSSEC变得困难。

5.2.3.2.1. Removal of Records
5.2.3.2.1. 删除记录

There have been a number of cases where the records for a domain are removed from the name system due to political events. Examples of this removal include the "seizure" of wikileaks [BBC-wikileaks] and the names of illegally operating gambling operations by the United States Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) unit. In the first case, a US court ordered the registrar to take down the domain. In the second, ICE compelled the US-based registry in charge of the .com TLD to hand ownership of those domains over to the US government. The same technique has been used in Libya to remove sites in violation of "our Country's Law and Morality (which) do not allow any kind of pornography or its promotion." [techyum]

有许多情况下,由于政治事件,域名系统中的记录被删除。这方面的例子包括“查封”维基解密(BBC wikileaks)和美国移民和海关执法局(ICE)非法经营赌博活动的名称。在第一个案件中,一家美国法院命令注册官删除该域名。第二,ICE迫使负责.com TLD的美国注册中心将这些域名的所有权移交给美国政府。同样的技术在利比亚也被用于删除违反“我国法律和道德(不允许任何形式的色情或其宣传)”的网站

At a protocol level, there is no technical auditing for name ownership, as in alternate systems like Namecoin [Namecoin]. As a result, there is no ability for users to differentiate seizure from the legitimate transfer of name ownership, which is purely a policy decision made by registrars. While DNSSEC addresses the network distortion events described below, it does not tackle this problem.

在协议级别上,没有对名称所有权进行技术审核,就像在Namecoin[Namecoin]这样的替代系统中一样。因此,用户无法区分查封和名称所有权的合法转让,这纯粹是登记人作出的政策决定。虽然DNSSEC解决了下面描述的网络失真事件,但它并没有解决这个问题。

(Although we mention alternative techniques, this is not a comparison of DNS with Namecoin: the latter has its own problems and limitations. The idea here is to show that there are several possible choices, and they have consequences for human rights.)

(虽然我们提到了替代技术,但这并不是DNS与Namecoin的比较:后者有其自身的问题和局限性。这里的想法是要表明有几种可能的选择,它们会对人权产生影响。)

5.2.3.2.2. Distortion of Records
5.2.3.2.2. 记录失真

The most common mechanism by which the DNS is abused to limit freedom of expression is through manipulation of protocol messages by the network. One form occurs at an organizational level, where client computers are instructed to use a local DNS resolver controlled by the organization. The DNS resolver will then selectively distort responses rather than request the authoritative lookup from the upstream system. The second form occurs through the use of Deep Packet Inspection (DPI), where all DNS protocol messages are inspected by the network and objectionable content is distorted, as can be observed in Chinese networks.

滥用DNS限制言论自由的最常见机制是通过网络操纵协议消息。一种形式出现在组织级别,其中客户端计算机被指示使用由组织控制的本地DNS解析程序。然后,DNS解析程序将选择性地扭曲响应,而不是从上游系统请求权威查找。第二种形式是通过使用深度数据包检查(DPI),所有DNS协议消息都由网络检查,不良内容被扭曲,这在中国网络中可以观察到。

A notable instance of distortion occurred in Greece [Ververis], where a study found evidence of both (1) DPI to distort DNS replies and (2) more excessive blocking of content than was legally required or requested (also known as "overblocking"). Internet Service Providers (ISPs), obeying a governmental order, prevented clients from resolving the names of domains, thereby prompting this particular blocking of systems there.

希腊[Ververis]出现了一个值得注意的失真实例,该国的一项研究发现:(1)DPI扭曲DNS回复;(2)对内容的过度屏蔽超过了法律要求或要求(也称为“过度屏蔽”)。互联网服务提供商(ISP)遵守政府命令,阻止客户解析域名,从而导致系统被封锁。

At a protocol level, the effectiveness of these attacks is made possible by a lack of authentication in the DNS protocol. DNSSEC provides the ability to determine the authenticity of responses when used, but it is not regularly checked by resolvers. DNSSEC is not effective when the local resolver for a network is complicit in the distortion -- for instance, when the resolver assigned for use by an ISP is the source of injection. Selective distortion of records is also made possible by the predictable structure of DNS messages, which makes it computationally easy for a network device to watch all passing messages even at high speeds, and the lack of encryption, which allows the network to distort only an objectionable subset of protocol messages. Specific distortion mechanisms are discussed further in [Hall].

在协议级别,这些攻击的有效性是由于DNS协议中缺少身份验证而实现的。DNSSEC能够在使用时确定响应的真实性,但解析程序不会定期检查。当网络的本地解析器参与了失真时,DNSSEC无效——例如,当ISP分配使用的解析器是注入源时。DNS消息的可预测结构也使得记录的选择性失真成为可能,这使得网络设备即使在高速下也可以在计算上容易地监视所有通过的消息,并且缺少加密,这使得网络仅失真协议消息中令人不快的子集。具体的变形机制将在[Hall]中进一步讨论。

Users can switch to another resolver -- for instance, a public resolver. The distorter can then try to block or hijack the connection to this resolver. This may start an arms race, with the user switching to secured connections to this alternative resolver [RFC7858] and the distorter then trying to find more sophisticated ways to block or hijack the connection. In some cases, this search for an alternative, non-disrupting resolver may lead to more centralization because many people are switching to a few big commercial public resolvers.

用户可以切换到另一个解析器——例如,公共解析器。然后,扭曲者可以尝试阻止或劫持与该解析器的连接。这可能会引发一场军备竞赛,用户切换到该替代解析器[RFC7858]的安全连接,然后扭曲器试图找到更复杂的方法来阻止或劫持连接。在某些情况下,这种对替代的、无中断的解析器的搜索可能会导致更大的集中化,因为许多人正在转向几个大型的商业公共解析器。

5.2.3.2.3. Injection of Records
5.2.3.2.3. 记录的注入

Responding incorrectly to requests for name lookups is the most common mechanism that in-network devices use to limit the ability of end users to discover services. A deviation that accomplishes a similar objective and may be seen as different from a "freedom of expression" perspective is the injection of incorrect responses to queries. The most prominent example of this behavior occurs in China, where requests for lookups of sites deemed inappropriate will trigger the network to return a false response, causing the client to ignore the real response when it subsequently arrives [greatfirewall]. Unlike the other network paradigms discussed above, injection does not stifle the ability of a server to announce its name; it instead provides another voice that answers sooner. This is effective because without DNSSEC, the protocol will respond to whichever answer is received first, without listening for subsequent answers.

对名称查找请求的错误响应是网络设备用来限制最终用户发现服务能力的最常见机制。与“言论自由”观点不同的是,实现类似目标的偏差是对查询的错误响应的注入。这种行为最突出的例子发生在中国,在中国,对被认为不合适的网站的查询请求将触发网络返回错误响应,导致客户端在随后到达时忽略真实响应[greatfirewall]。与上面讨论的其他网络范例不同,注入不会扼杀服务器宣布其名称的能力;相反,它提供了另一种更快回答问题的声音。这是有效的,因为在没有DNSSEC的情况下,协议将响应最先收到的答案,而不侦听后续答案。

5.2.3.3. HTTP
5.2.3.3. 超文本传输协议

The Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) version 1.1 [RFC7230] [RFC7231] [RFC7232] [RFC7233] [RFC7234] [RFC7235] [RFC7236] [RFC7237] is a request-response application protocol developed throughout the 1990s. HTTP factually contributed to the exponential growth of the

超文本传输协议(HTTP)1.1版[RFC7230][RFC7231][RFC7232][RFC7233][RFC7234][RFC7235][RFC7236][RFC7237]是整个1990年代开发的请求-响应应用程序协议。事实上,HTTP促成了互联网的指数级增长

Internet and the interconnection of populations around the world. Its simple design strongly contributed to the fact that HTTP has become the foundation of most modern Internet platforms and communication systems, from websites to chat systems and computer-to-computer applications. In its manifestation in the World Wide Web, HTTP radically revolutionized the course of technological development and the ways people interact with online content and with each other.

互联网和世界各地人口的互联。它的简单设计有力地促成了HTTP已经成为大多数现代互联网平台和通信系统的基础,从网站到聊天系统和计算机到计算机应用。HTTP在万维网上的表现,彻底改变了技术发展的进程和人们与在线内容以及彼此之间的互动方式。

However, HTTP is also a fundamentally insecure protocol that doesn't natively provide encryption properties. While the definition of the Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) [RFC6101], and later of Transport Layer Security (TLS) [RFC5246], also happened during the 1990s, the fact that HTTP doesn't mandate the use of such encryption layers by developers and service providers was one of the reasons for a very late adoption of encryption. Only in the middle of the 2000s did we observe big ISPs, such as Google, starting to provide encrypted access to their web services.

然而,HTTP也是一种根本不安全的协议,它本机不提供加密属性。虽然安全套接字层(SSL)[RFC6101]和随后的传输层安全性(TLS)[RFC5246]的定义也发生在20世纪90年代,但HTTP不强制开发人员和服务提供商使用此类加密层这一事实是采用加密非常晚的原因之一。只有在2000年中期,我们才观察到大型ISP(如谷歌)开始提供对其Web服务的加密访问。

The lack of sensitivity and understanding of the critical importance of securing web traffic incentivized certain (offensive) actors to develop, deploy, and utilize interception systems at large and to later launch active injection attacks, in order to swipe large amounts of data and compromise Internet-enabled devices. The commercial availability of systems and tools to perform these types of attacks also led to a number of human rights abuses that have been discovered and reported over the years.

由于缺乏对网络流量安全至关重要的敏感性和理解,某些(攻击性)行为体开始开发、部署和利用截获系统,并在随后发起主动注入攻击,以窃取大量数据并危害互联网设备。执行这类攻击的系统和工具的商业可用性也导致多年来发现和报告的一些侵犯人权行为。

Generally, we can identify traffic interception (Section 5.2.3.3.1) and traffic manipulation (Section 5.2.3.3.2) as the two most problematic attacks that can be performed against applications employing a cleartext HTTP transport layer. That being said, the IETF is taking steady steps to move to the encrypted version of HTTP, HTTP Secure (HTTPS).

通常,我们可以将流量拦截(第5.2.3.3.1节)和流量操纵(第5.2.3.3.2节)确定为针对采用明文HTTP传输层的应用程序的两种最有问题的攻击。这就是说,IETF正在采取稳定的步骤向HTTP的加密版本过渡,HTTP安全(HTTPS)。

While this is commendable, we must not lose track of the fact that different protocols, implementations, configurations, and networking paradigms can intersect such that they (can be used to) adversely impact human rights. For instance, to facilitate surveillance, certain countries will throttle HTTPS connections, forcing users to switch to (unthrottled) HTTP [Aryan-etal].

虽然这是值得赞扬的,但我们不能忘记这样一个事实:不同的协议、实施、配置和网络模式可以相互交叉,从而(可以)对人权产生不利影响。例如,为了便于监控,某些国家将限制HTTPS连接,迫使用户切换到(不受限制的)HTTP[Aryan etal]。

5.2.3.3.1. Traffic Interception
5.2.3.3.1. 交通拦截

While we are seeing an increasing trend in the last couple of years to employ SSL/TLS as a secure traffic layer for HTTP-based applications, we are still far from seeing a ubiquitous use of encryption on the World Wide Web. It is important to consider that the adoption of SSL/TLS is also a relatively recent phenomenon.

虽然在过去几年中,我们看到使用SSL/TLS作为基于HTTP的应用程序的安全通信层的趋势越来越大,但我们仍然远远没有看到加密在万维网上的普遍使用。重要的是要考虑到SSL/TLS的采用也是一个相对较新的现象。

Email providers such as riseup.net were the first to enable SSL by default. Google did not introduce an option for its Gmail users to navigate with SSL until 2008 [Rideout] and turned TLS on by default later, in 2010 [Schillace]. It took an increasing amount of security breaches and revelations on global surveillance from Edward Snowden before other mail service providers followed suit. For example, Yahoo did not enable SSL/TLS by default on its webmail services until early 2014 [Peterson].

默认情况下,诸如riseup.net之类的电子邮件提供商是第一个启用SSL的。谷歌直到2008年才为其Gmail用户提供了使用SSL导航的选项[Rideout],并在2010年默认开启了TLS[Schillace]。在其他邮件服务提供商效仿之前,爱德华·斯诺登(Edward Snowden)不断增加的安全漏洞和全球监控披露才得以实现。例如,雅虎直到2014年初才在其网络邮件服务上默认启用SSL/TLS[Peterson]。

TLS itself has been subject to many attacks and bugs; this situation can be attributed to some fundamental design weaknesses, such as lack of a state machine (which opens a vulnerability for triple handshake attacks) and flaws caused by early US government restrictions on cryptography, leading to cipher-suite downgrade attacks (Logjam attacks). These vulnerabilities are being corrected in TLS 1.3 [Bhargavan] [Adrian].

TLS本身受到了许多攻击和bug;这种情况可归因于一些基本的设计缺陷,例如缺乏状态机(这为三重握手攻击打开了漏洞)和早期美国政府对密码的限制导致的缺陷,导致密码套件降级攻击(Logjam攻击)。TLS 1.3[Bhargavan][Adrian]中正在纠正这些漏洞。

HTTP upgrading to HTTPS is also vulnerable to having an attacker remove the "s" in any links to HTTPS URIs from a web page transferred in cleartext over HTTP -- an attack called "SSL Stripping" [sslstrip]. Thus, for high-security use of HTTPS, IETF standards such as HTTP Strict Transport Security (HSTS) [RFC6797], certificate pinning [RFC7469], and/or DNS-Based Authentication of Named Entities (DANE) [RFC6698] should be used.

HTTP升级到HTTPS还容易受到攻击者从通过HTTP以明文传输的网页中删除HTTPS URI的任何链接中的“s”的攻击,这种攻击称为“SSL剥离”[sslstrip]。因此,对于HTTPS的高安全性使用,应使用IETF标准,如HTTP严格传输安全性(HSTS)[RFC6797]、证书固定[RFC7469]和/或基于DNS的命名实体身份验证(DANE)[RFC6698]。

As we learned through Snowden's revelations, intelligence agencies have been intercepting and collecting unencrypted traffic at large for many years. There are documented examples of such mass-surveillance programs with the Government Communications Headquarters's (GCHQ's) Tempora [WP-Tempora] and the National Security Agency's (NSA's) XKeyscore [Greenwald]. Through these programs, the NSA and the GCHQ have been able to swipe large amounts of data, including email and instant messaging communications that have been transported in the clear for years by providers unsuspecting of the pervasiveness and scale of governments' efforts and investment in global mass-surveillance capabilities.

我们从斯诺登的披露中了解到,情报机构多年来一直在拦截和收集未加密的流量。政府通信总部(GCHQ)的Tempora[WP Tempora]和国家安全局(NSA)的XKeyscore[Greenwald]都有此类大规模监视计划的记录实例。通过这些计划,美国国家安全局和GCHQ能够扫描大量数据,包括电子邮件和即时消息通信,这些数据多年来一直由供应商在不怀疑政府在全球大规模监控能力方面的努力和投资的普遍性和规模的情况下在无障碍环境中传输。

However, similar mass interception of unencrypted HTTP communications is also often employed at the national level by some democratic countries, by exercising control over state-owned ISPs and through the use of commercially available monitoring, collection, and censorship equipment. Over the last few years, a lot of information has come to public attention on the role and scale of a surveillance industry dedicated to developing different types of interception gear, making use of known and unknown weaknesses in existing protocols [RFC7258]. We have several records of such equipment being sold and utilized by some regimes in order to monitor entire segments of a population, especially at times of social and political

然而,一些民主国家也经常在国家一级采用类似的大规模拦截未加密HTTP通信的方式,通过对国有ISP实施控制,并通过使用商用监测、收集和审查设备。在过去几年中,许多信息引起了公众的注意,这些信息都是关于监控行业的作用和规模,该行业致力于开发不同类型的拦截设备,利用现有协议中已知和未知的弱点[RFC7258]。我们有一些记录表明,一些政权出售和使用这种设备,以便监测整个人口群体,特别是在社会和政治动荡时期

distress, uncovering massive human rights abuses. For example, in 2013, the group Telecomix revealed that the Syrian regime was making use of Blue Coat products in order to intercept cleartext traffic as well as to enforce censorship of unwanted content [RSF]. Similarly, in 2011, it was found that the French technology firm Amesys provided the Gadhafi government with equipment able to intercept emails, Facebook traffic, and chat messages at a country-wide level [WSJ]. The use of such systems, especially in the context of the Arab Spring and of civil uprisings against the dictatorships, has caused serious concerns regarding significant human rights abuses in Libya.

痛苦,揭露大规模侵犯人权行为。例如,2013年,Telecomix集团披露,叙利亚政权正在利用Blue Coat产品拦截明文流量,并对不需要的内容实施审查[RSF]。类似地,2011年,人们发现法国技术公司Amesys向卡扎菲政府提供了能够在全国范围内拦截电子邮件、Facebook流量和聊天信息的设备[WSJ]。特别是在阿拉伯之春和反对独裁政权的民间起义的背景下,这种制度的使用引起了人们对利比亚严重侵犯人权行为的严重关切。

5.2.3.3.2. Traffic Manipulation
5.2.3.3.2. 交通操纵

The lack of a secure transport layer under HTTP connections not only exposes users to interception of the content of their communications but is more and more commonly abused as a vehicle for actively compromising computers and mobile devices. If an HTTP session travels in the clear over the network, any node positioned at any point in the network is able to perform man-in-the-middle attacks; the node can observe, manipulate, and hijack the session and can modify the content of the communication in order to trigger unexpected behavior by the application generating the traffic. For example, in the case of a browser, the attacker would be able to inject malicious code in order to exploit vulnerabilities in the browser or any of its plugins. Similarly, the attacker would be able to intercept, add malware to, and repackage binary software updates that are very commonly downloaded in the clear by applications such as word processors and media players. If the HTTP session were encrypted, the tampering of the content would not be possible, and these network injection attacks would not be successful.

在HTTP连接下缺乏安全传输层不仅会让用户暴露在截获其通信内容的情况下,而且越来越多地被滥用为主动破坏计算机和移动设备的工具。如果HTTP会话通过网络在clear中移动,则位于网络中任何点的任何节点都能够执行中间人攻击;节点可以观察、操纵和劫持会话,并可以修改通信内容,以便通过生成通信量的应用程序触发意外行为。例如,对于浏览器,攻击者可以注入恶意代码,以利用浏览器或其任何插件中的漏洞进行攻击。类似地,攻击者将能够拦截、向二进制软件更新添加恶意软件,并对二进制软件更新进行重新打包,这些更新通常由文字处理器和媒体播放器等应用程序以明文形式下载。如果对HTTP会话进行加密,就不可能篡改内容,这些网络注入攻击也不会成功。

While traffic manipulation attacks have long been known, documented, and prototyped, especially in the context of Wi-Fi and LAN networks, in the last few years we have observed an increasing investment in the production and sale of network injection equipment that is both commercially available and deployed at scale by intelligence agencies.

虽然流量操纵攻击早已为人所知、记录在案,并且是原型攻击,特别是在Wi-Fi和LAN网络的情况下,但在过去几年中,我们观察到在生产和销售网络注入设备方面的投资不断增加,这些设备既可在商业上买到,也可由情报机构大规模部署。

For example, we learned from some of the documents provided by Edward Snowden to the press that the NSA has constructed a global network injection infrastructure, called "QUANTUM", able to leverage mass surveillance in order to identify targets of interest and subsequently task man-on-the-side attacks to ultimately compromise a selected device. Among other attacks, the NSA makes use of an attack called "QUANTUMINSERT" [Haagsma], which intercepts and hijacks an unencrypted HTTP communication and forces the requesting browser to redirect to a host controlled by the NSA instead of the intended website. Normally, the new destination would be an exploitation

例如,我们从爱德华·斯诺登(Edward Snowden)向媒体提供的一些文件中了解到,国家安全局已经构建了一个称为“量子”的全球网络注入基础设施,能够利用大规模监视来识别感兴趣的目标,并随后实施任务人攻击,最终破坏选定的设备。在其他攻击中,NSA利用了一种称为“QUANTUMINSERT”[Haagsma]的攻击,该攻击拦截并劫持未加密的HTTP通信,并迫使请求浏览器重定向到NSA控制的主机,而不是预期的网站。通常,新的目的地将是一种剥削

service, referred to in Snowden documents as "FOXACID", which would attempt to execute malicious code in the context of the target's browser. The Guardian reported in 2013 that the NSA has, for example, been using these techniques to target users of the popular anonymity service Tor [Schneier]. The German Norddeutscher Rundfunk (NDR) reported in 2014 that the NSA has also been using its mass-surveillance capabilities to identify Tor users at large [Appelbaum].

服务,在斯诺登文档中称为“FOXACID”,它将试图在目标浏览器的上下文中执行恶意代码。《卫报》在2013年报道说,例如,国家安全局一直在使用这些技术以流行的匿名服务Tor[Schneier]的用户为目标。2014年,德国北德意志联合会(NDR)报告称,国家安全局也一直在利用其大规模监视能力来识别Tor的广大用户[Appelbaum]。

Recently, similar capabilities used by Chinese authorities have been reported as well in what has been informally called the "Great Cannon" [Marcak], which raised numerous concerns on the potential curb on human rights and freedom of speech due to the increasingly tighter control of Chinese Internet communications and access to information.

最近,也有报道称,中国当局在被非正式称为“大炮”(Great Cannon)[Marcak]的地方使用了类似的能力,这引起了人们对人权和言论自由的担忧,因为中国对互联网通信和信息获取的控制越来越严格。

Network injection attacks are also made widely available to state actors around the world through the commercialization of similar, smaller-scale equipment that can be easily acquired and deployed at a country-wide level. Certain companies are known to have network injection gear within their products portfolio [Marquis-Boire]. The technology devised and produced by some of them to perform network traffic manipulation attacks on HTTP communications is even the subject of a patent application in the United States [Googlepatent]. Access to offensive technologies available on the commercial lawful interception market has led to human rights abuses and illegitimate surveillance of journalists, human rights defenders, and political activists in many countries around the world [Collins]. While network injection attacks haven't been the subject of much attention, they do enable even unskilled attackers to perform silent and very resilient compromises, and unencrypted HTTP remains one of the main vehicles.

通过在全国范围内容易获得和部署的类似小型设备的商业化,网络注入攻击也广泛提供给世界各地的国家行为者。已知某些公司在其产品组合中有网络注入装置[Marquis Boire]。他们中的一些人设计和生产的用于对HTTP通信进行网络流量操纵攻击的技术甚至在美国申请了专利[谷歌专利]。在商业合法拦截市场上获得攻击性技术导致了世界许多国家的侵犯人权行为和对记者、人权捍卫者和政治活动家的非法监视[Collins]。虽然网络注入攻击没有受到太多的关注,但它们确实使即使是不熟练的攻击者也能够执行静默且非常有弹性的妥协,而未加密的HTTP仍然是主要工具之一。

There is a new version of HTTP, called "HTTP/2" [RFC7540], which aims to be largely backwards compatible while also offering new options such as data compression of HTTP headers, pipelining of requests, and multiplexing multiple requests over a single TCP connection. In addition to decreasing latency to improve page-loading speeds, it also facilitates more efficient use of connectivity in low-bandwidth environments, which in turn enables freedom of expression; the right to assembly; the right to political participation; and the right to participate in cultural life, arts, and science. [RFC7540] does not mandate TLS or any other form of encryption, nor does it support opportunistic encryption even though opportunistic encryption is now addressed in [RFC8164].

有一个新版本的HTTP,称为“HTTP/2”[RFC7540],其目标是在很大程度上向后兼容,同时还提供新的选项,如HTTP头的数据压缩、请求的管道化以及通过单个TCP连接多路复用多个请求。除了减少延迟以提高页面加载速度外,它还有助于在低带宽环境中更有效地使用连接性,从而实现言论自由;集会权;政治参与权;以及参与文化生活、艺术和科学的权利。[RFC7540]不强制使用TLS或任何其他形式的加密,也不支持机会主义加密,即使机会主义加密现在在[RFC8164]中有提及。

5.2.3.4. XMPP
5.2.3.4. XMPP

The Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol (XMPP), specified in [RFC6120], provides a standard for interactive chat messaging and has evolved to encompass interoperable text, voice, and video chat. The protocol is structured as a federated network of servers, similar to email, where users register with a local server that acts on their behalf to cache and relay messages. This protocol design has many advantages, allowing servers to shield clients from denial of service and other forms of retribution for their expression; it is also designed to avoid central entities that could control the ability to communicate or assemble using the protocol.

[RFC6120]中指定的可扩展消息和状态协议(XMPP)为交互式聊天消息提供了一个标准,并已发展为包含可互操作的文本、语音和视频聊天。该协议的结构类似于电子邮件,是一个由服务器组成的联邦网络,用户在本地服务器上注册,该服务器代表用户缓存和转发消息。这种协议设计有许多优点,允许服务器保护客户端免受拒绝服务和其他形式的报复;它还被设计为避免使用协议控制通信或组装能力的中心实体。

Nonetheless, there are plenty of aspects of the protocol design of XMPP that shape the ability for users to communicate freely and to assemble via the protocol.

尽管如此,XMPP协议设计的许多方面都塑造了用户自由通信和通过协议组装的能力。

5.2.3.4.1. User Identification
5.2.3.4.1. 用户识别

The XMPP specification [RFC6120] dictates that clients are identified with a resource (<node@domain/home> / <node@domain/work>) to distinguish the conversations to specific devices. While the protocol does not specify that the resource must be exposed by the client's server to remote users, in practice this has become the default behavior. In doing so, users can be tracked by remote friends and their servers, who are able to monitor the presence of not just the user but of each individual device the user logs in with. This has proven to be misleading to many users [Pidgin], since many clients only expose user-level rather than device-level presence. Likewise, user invisibility so that communication can occur while users don't notify all buddies and other servers of their availability is not part of the formal protocol and has only been added as an extension within the XML stream rather than enforced by the protocol.

XMPP规范[RFC6120]规定使用资源标识客户端(<node@domain/主页>/<node@domain/工作>)以区分与特定设备的对话。虽然协议没有规定客户端服务器必须向远程用户公开资源,但实际上这已成为默认行为。这样,远程朋友和他们的服务器就可以跟踪用户,他们不仅可以监视用户的存在,还可以监视用户登录的每个设备的存在。事实证明,这对许多用户来说是一种误导[Pidgin],因为许多客户端只公开用户级而不是设备级的存在。同样,用户不可见性(即在用户不通知所有伙伴和其他服务器其可用性的情况下进行通信)也不是正式协议的一部分,只是作为XML流中的扩展添加的,而不是由协议强制执行的。

5.2.3.4.2. Surveillance of Communication
5.2.3.4.2. 通信监视

XMPP specifies the standard by which communications channels may be encrypted, but it does not provide visibility to clients regarding whether their communications are encrypted on each link. In particular, even when both clients ensure that they have an encrypted connection to their XMPP server to ensure that their local network is unable to read or disrupt the messages they send, the protocol does not provide visibility into the encryption status between the two servers. As such, clients may be subject to selective disruption of communications by an intermediate network that disrupts communications based on keywords found through DPI. While many operators have committed to only establishing encrypted links from

XMPP指定了通信信道加密的标准,但它不向客户机提供关于其通信是否在每个链路上加密的可见性。特别是,即使两个客户端都确保它们与XMPP服务器有加密连接,以确保其本地网络无法读取或中断它们发送的消息,该协议也无法查看两个服务器之间的加密状态。因此,客户端可能受到中间网络的选择性通信中断的影响,该中间网络基于通过DPI找到的关键字中断通信。尽管许多运营商承诺只建立来自网络的加密链接

their servers in recognition of this vulnerability, it remains impossible for users to audit this behavior, and encrypted connections are not required by the protocol itself [XMPP-Manifesto].

他们的服务器意识到了这一漏洞,用户仍然无法审计这一行为,协议本身不需要加密连接[XMPP Manifesto]。

In particular, Section 13.14 of the XMPP specification [RFC6120] explicitly acknowledges the existence of a downgrade attack where an adversary controlling an intermediate network can force the inter-domain federation between servers to revert to a non-encrypted protocol where selective messages can then be disrupted.

特别是,XMPP规范[RFC6120]第13.14节明确承认存在降级攻击,其中控制中间网络的对手可以强制服务器之间的域间联盟恢复为非加密协议,从而中断选择性消息。

5.2.3.4.3. Group Chat Limitations
5.2.3.4.3. 群聊限制

Group chat in XMPP is defined as an extension within the XML specification of XMPP (https://xmpp.org/extensions/xep-0045.html). However, it is not encoded or required at a protocol level and is not uniformly implemented by clients.

XMPP中的群组聊天被定义为XMPP的XML规范中的一个扩展(https://xmpp.org/extensions/xep-0045.html). 但是,它不是在协议级别编码或要求的,也不是由客户端统一实现的。

The design of multi-user chat in XMPP suffers from extending a protocol that was not designed with assembly of many users in mind. In particular, in the federated protocol provided by XMPP, multi-user communities are implemented with a distinguished "owner" who is granted control over the participants and structure of the conversation.

XMPP中多用户聊天的设计受到扩展协议的影响,该协议的设计没有考虑到多用户的组装。特别是,在XMPP提供的联邦协议中,多用户社区由一个杰出的“所有者”实现,该所有者被授予对参与者和会话结构的控制权。

Multi-user chat rooms are identified by a name specified on a specific server, so that while the overall protocol may be federated, the ability for users to assemble in a given community is moderated by a single server. That server may block the room and prevent assembly unilaterally, even between two users, neither of whom trust or use that server directly.

多用户聊天室由特定服务器上指定的名称标识,因此,虽然整个协议可能是联合的,但用户在给定社区中组装的能力由单个服务器控制。该服务器可能会单方面阻止会议室并阻止集会,即使是在两个用户之间,这两个用户都不信任或直接使用该服务器。

5.2.3.5. Peer-to-Peer
5.2.3.5. 点对点

Peer-to-Peer (P2P) is a distributed network architecture [RFC5694] in which all the participant nodes can be responsible for the storage and dissemination of information from any other node (see [RFC7574], an IETF standard that discusses a P2P architecture called the "Peer-to-Peer Streaming Peer Protocol" (PPSPP)). A P2P network is a logical overlay that lives on top of the physical network and allows nodes (or "peers") participating in it to establish contact and exchange information directly with each other. The implementation of a P2P network may vary widely: it may be structured or unstructured, and it may implement stronger or weaker cryptographic and anonymity properties. While its most common application has traditionally been file-sharing (and other types of content delivery systems), P2P is a popular architecture for networks and applications that require (or encourage) decentralization. Prime examples include Bitcoin and other proprietary multimedia applications.

对等(P2P)是一种分布式网络体系结构[RFC5694],其中所有参与节点都可以负责存储和传播来自任何其他节点的信息(参见[RFC7574],IETF标准讨论了一种称为“对等流对等协议”(PPSP)的P2P体系结构)。P2P网络是一种逻辑覆盖,位于物理网络之上,允许参与其中的节点(或“对等方”)建立联系并直接彼此交换信息。P2P网络的实现可能有很大的不同:它可能是结构化的,也可能是非结构化的,它可能实现更强或更弱的加密和匿名属性。虽然P2P最常见的应用传统上是文件共享(和其他类型的内容交付系统),但对于需要(或鼓励)分散的网络和应用程序,P2P是一种流行的体系结构。主要示例包括比特币和其他专有多媒体应用程序。

In a time of heavily centralized online services, P2P is regularly described as an alternative, more democratic, and resistant option that displaces structures of control over data and communications and delegates all peers to be equally responsible for the functioning, integrity, and security of the data. While in principle P2P remains important to the design and development of future content distribution, messaging, and publishing systems, it poses numerous security and privacy challenges that are mostly delegated to individual developers to recognize, analyze, and solve in each implementation of a given P2P network.

在高度集中的在线服务时代,P2P经常被描述为一种替代、更民主、更具抵抗力的选择,它取代了对数据和通信的控制结构,并授权所有对等方对数据的功能、完整性和安全性承担同等责任。原则上,P2P对于未来内容分发、消息传递和发布系统的设计和开发仍然很重要,但它带来了许多安全和隐私方面的挑战,这些挑战大多委托给单个开发人员来识别、分析和解决给定P2P网络的每个实现。

5.2.3.5.1. Network Poisoning
5.2.3.5.1. 网络中毒

Since content, and sometimes peer lists, are safeguarded and distributed by their members, P2P networks are prone to what are generally defined as "poisoning attacks". Poisoning attacks might be aimed directly at the data that is being distributed, for example, (1) by intentionally corrupting the data, (2) at the index tables used to instruct the peers where to fetch the data, or (3) at routing tables, with an attempt to provide connecting peers with lists of rogue or nonexistent peers, with the intention to effectively cause a denial of service on the network.

由于内容(有时是对等列表)是由其成员保护和分发的,P2P网络容易受到通常被定义为“中毒攻击”的攻击。中毒攻击可能直接针对正在分发的数据,例如,(1)故意破坏数据,(2)用于指示对等方在何处获取数据的索引表,或(3)路由表,试图向连接的对等方提供恶意或不存在的对等方列表,旨在有效地在网络上造成拒绝服务。

5.2.3.5.2. Throttling
5.2.3.5.2. 节流

P2P traffic (and BitTorrent in particular) represents a significant percentage of global Internet traffic [Sandvine], and it has become increasingly popular for ISPs to perform throttling of customers' lines in order to limit bandwidth usage [torrentfreak1] and, sometimes, probably as an effect of the ongoing conflict between copyright holders and file-sharing communities [wikileaks]. Such throttling undermines the end-to-end principle.

P2P流量(尤其是BitTorrent)占全球互联网流量的很大一部分[Sandvine],ISP越来越流行对客户线路进行节流以限制带宽使用[Torrent1],有时,可能是版权所有者和文件共享社区(维基解密)之间持续冲突的结果。这种节流破坏了端到端原则。

Throttling the P2P traffic makes some uses of P2P networks ineffective; this throttling might be coupled with stricter inspection of users' Internet traffic through DPI techniques, possibly posing additional security and privacy risks.

限制P2P流量会导致P2P网络的某些使用无效;这种限制可能与通过DPI技术对用户的互联网流量进行更严格的检查相结合,可能会带来额外的安全和隐私风险。

5.2.3.5.3. Tracking and Identification
5.2.3.5.3. 追踪和识别

One of the fundamental and most problematic issues with traditional P2P networks is a complete lack of anonymization of their users. For example, in the case of BitTorrent, all peers' IP addresses are openly available to the other peers. This has led to ever-increasing tracking of P2P and file-sharing users [ars]. As the geographical location of the user is directly exposed, as could also be his identity, the user might become a target of additional harassment and attacks of a physical or legal nature. For example, it is known that

传统P2P网络最基本也是最有问题的问题之一是其用户完全缺乏匿名性。例如,在BitTorrent的情况下,所有对等方的IP地址都可供其他对等方公开使用。这导致对P2P和文件共享用户的跟踪不断增加。由于用户的地理位置以及他的身份都是直接暴露的,因此该用户可能成为其他骚扰和物理或法律性质攻击的目标。例如,众所周知

in Germany law firms have made extensive use of P2P and file-sharing tracking systems in order to identify downloaders and initiate legal actions looking for compensations [torrentfreak2].

在德国,律师事务所广泛使用P2P和文件共享跟踪系统,以识别下载者并提起寻求赔偿的法律诉讼[2]。

It is worth noting that there are some varieties of P2P networks that implement cryptographic practices and that introduce anonymization of their users. Such implementations may be proved to be successful in resisting censorship of content and tracking of network peers. A prime example is Freenet [freenet1], a free software application that is (1) designed to make it significantly more difficult to identify users and content and (2) dedicated to fostering freedom of speech online [freenet2].

值得注意的是,有一些种类的P2P网络实现了加密实践,并引入了用户的匿名化。这种实现可能被证明在抵抗内容审查和跟踪网络对等点方面是成功的。一个主要的例子是Freenet[freenet1],这是一个自由软件应用程序,(1)旨在使识别用户和内容变得更加困难,(2)致力于促进在线言论自由[freenet2]。

5.2.3.5.4. Sybil Attacks
5.2.3.5.4. Sybil攻击

In open-membership P2P networks, a single attacker can pretend to be many participants, typically by creating multiple fake identities of whatever kind the P2P network uses [Douceur]. Attackers can use Sybil attacks to bias choices that the P2P network makes collectively to the attacker's advantage, e.g., by making it more likely that a particular data item (or some threshold of the replicas or shares of a data item) is assigned to attacker-controlled participants. If the P2P network implements any voting, moderation, or peer-review-like functionality, Sybil attacks may be used to "stuff the ballots" to benefit the attacker. Companies and governments can use Sybil attacks on discussion-oriented P2P systems for "astroturfing" or creating the appearance of mass grassroots support for some position where in reality there is none. It is important to know that there are no known complete, environmentally sustainable, and fully distributed solutions to Sybil attacks, and routing via "friends" allows users to be de-anonymized via their social graph. It is important to note that Sybil attacks in this context (e.g., astroturfing) are relevant to more than P2P protocols; they are also common on web-based systems, and they are exploited by governments and commercial entities.

在开放成员制P2P网络中,单个攻击者可以假装成多个参与者,通常通过创建P2P网络使用的任何类型的多个假身份[Douceur]。攻击者可以使用Sybil攻击来偏向P2P网络集体做出的对攻击者有利的选择,例如,使特定数据项(或数据项副本或共享的某个阈值)更有可能分配给攻击者控制的参与者。如果P2P网络实现任何投票、调节或类似同行评议的功能,则Sybil攻击可用于“填充选票”以使攻击者受益。公司和政府可以在面向讨论的P2P系统上使用Sybil攻击进行“人造草皮”,或者为一些实际上没有的职位制造大规模草根支持的表象。重要的是要知道,对于Sybil攻击,目前还没有已知的完整的、环境可持续的、完全分布式的解决方案,通过“朋友”进行路由可以让用户通过其社交图取消匿名。需要注意的是,在这种情况下,Sybil攻击(例如,Astropurping)与P2P协议无关;它们在基于网络的系统上也很常见,并且被政府和商业实体利用。

Encrypted P2P and anonymous P2P networks have already emerged. They provide viable platforms for sharing material [Tribler], publishing content anonymously, and communicating securely [Bitmessage]. These platforms are not perfect, and more research needs to be done. If adopted at large, well-designed and resistant P2P networks might represent a critical component of a future secure and distributed Internet, enabling freedom of speech and freedom of information at scale.

加密P2P和匿名P2P网络已经出现。它们为共享材料[Tribler]、匿名发布内容和安全通信[Bitmessage]提供了可行的平台。这些平台并不完美,需要做更多的研究。如果广泛采用,设计良好且具有抵抗力的P2P网络可能是未来安全分布式互联网的关键组成部分,从而实现大规模的言论自由和信息自由。

5.2.3.6. Virtual Private Networks
5.2.3.6. 虚拟专用网络

The VPNs discussed here are point-to-point connections that enable two computers to communicate over an encrypted tunnel. There are multiple implementations and protocols used in the deployment of VPNs, and they generally diversify by encryption protocol or particular requirements, most commonly in proprietary and enterprise solutions. VPNs are commonly used to (1) enable some devices to communicate through peculiar network configurations, (2) use some privacy and security properties in order to protect the traffic generated by the end user, or both. VPNs have also become a very popular technology among human rights defenders, dissidents, and journalists worldwide to avoid local monitoring and eventually also to circumvent censorship. VPNs are often debated among human rights defenders as a potential alternative to Tor or other anonymous networks. Such comparisons are misleading, as some of the privacy and security properties of VPNs are often misunderstood by less tech-savvy users and could ultimately lead to unintended problems.

这里讨论的VPN是点对点连接,使两台计算机能够通过加密隧道进行通信。VPN的部署中使用了多种实现和协议,它们通常根据加密协议或特定要求而多样化,最常见的是在专有和企业解决方案中。VPN通常用于(1)使某些设备能够通过特殊的网络配置进行通信,(2)使用一些隐私和安全属性来保护最终用户生成的通信量,或两者兼而有之。虚拟专用网络也成为世界各地人权捍卫者、持不同政见者和记者中非常流行的技术,以避免当地的监控,并最终规避审查。作为Tor或其他匿名网络的潜在替代方案,VPN经常在人权捍卫者中引起争论。这种比较具有误导性,因为VPN的一些隐私和安全属性经常被不太懂技术的用户误解,最终可能导致意外问题。

As VPNs have increased in popularity, commercial VPN providers have started growing as businesses and are very commonly picked by human rights defenders and people at risk, as they are normally provided with an easy-to-use service and, sometimes, even custom applications to establish the VPN tunnel. Not being able to control the configuration of the network, let alone the security of the application, assessing the general privacy and security state of common VPNs is very hard. Such services have often been discovered to be leaking information, and their custom applications have been found to be flawed. While Tor and similar networks receive a lot of scrutiny from the public and the academic community, commercial or non-commercial VPNs are far less analyzed and understood [Insinuator] [Alshalan-etal], and it might be valuable to establish some standards to guarantee a minimal level of privacy and security to those who need them the most.

随着虚拟专用网络的普及,商业虚拟专用网络供应商已开始作为企业发展壮大,人权捍卫者和风险人群通常会选择商业虚拟专用网络供应商,因为他们通常提供易于使用的服务,有时甚至提供自定义应用程序来建立虚拟专用网络隧道。由于无法控制网络的配置,更不用说应用程序的安全性,评估普通VPN的一般隐私和安全状态非常困难。这类服务经常被发现泄露信息,并且它们的定制应用程序被发现存在缺陷。虽然Tor和类似网络受到公众和学术界的大量审查,但商业或非商业VPN的分析和理解远远不够[Insinuator][Alshalan etal],因此,制定一些标准来保证最需要它们的人获得最低程度的隐私和安全性可能很有价值。

5.2.3.6.1. No Anonymity against VPN Providers
5.2.3.6.1. 对VPN提供商没有匿名性

One of the common misconceptions among users of VPNs is the level of anonymity that VPNs can provide. This sense of anonymity can be betrayed by a number of attacks or misconfigurations of the VPN provider. It is important to remember that, in contrast to Tor and similar systems, VPNs were not designed to provide anonymity properties. From a technical point of view, a VPN might leak identifiable information or might be the subject of correlation attacks that could expose the originating address of a connecting user. Most importantly, it is vital to understand that commercial and non-commercial VPN providers are bound by the law of the jurisdiction in which they reside or in which their infrastructure is

VPN用户之间的一个常见误解是VPN可以提供的匿名级别。这种匿名感可能会被VPN提供商的多次攻击或错误配置所背叛。重要的是要记住,与Tor和类似系统相比,VPN的设计并不是为了提供匿名属性。从技术角度来看,VPN可能会泄漏可识别信息,或者可能会受到相关攻击,从而暴露连接用户的原始地址。最重要的是,必须了解商业和非商业VPN提供商受其所在司法管辖区或其基础设施所在司法管辖区法律的约束

located, and they might be legally forced to turn over data of specific users if legal investigations or intelligence requirements dictate so. In such cases, if the VPN providers retain logs, it is possible that a user's information could be provided to the user's adversary and lead to his or her identification.

如果法律调查或情报要求如此,他们可能会在法律上被迫交出特定用户的数据。在这种情况下,如果VPN提供商保留日志,则可能会将用户的信息提供给用户的对手并导致其身份识别。

5.2.3.6.2. Logging
5.2.3.6.2. 登录中

Because VPNs are point-to-point connections, the service providers are in fact able to observe the original location of connecting users, and they are able to track at what time they started their session and, eventually, also to which destinations they're trying to connect. If the VPN providers retain logs for a long enough time, they might be forced to turn over the relevant data or they might be otherwise compromised, leading to the same data getting exposed. A clear log-retention policy could be enforced, but considering that countries enforce different levels of data-retention policies, VPN providers should at least be transparent regarding what information they store and for how long it is being kept.

由于VPN是点对点连接,因此服务提供商实际上能够观察连接用户的原始位置,并且能够跟踪他们在何时开始会话,以及最终尝试连接到哪些目的地。如果VPN提供商将日志保留足够长的时间,他们可能会被迫移交相关数据,或者可能会受到其他危害,从而导致相同的数据被公开。可以强制执行明确的日志保留策略,但考虑到各国强制执行不同级别的数据保留策略,VPN提供商至少应该对其存储的信息及其保留时间保持透明。

5.2.3.6.3. Third-Party Hosting
5.2.3.6.3. 第三方托管

VPN providers very commonly rely on third parties to provision the infrastructure that is later going to be used to run VPN endpoints. For example, they might rely on external dedicated server providers or on uplink providers. In those cases, even if the VPN provider itself isn't retaining any significant logs, the information on connecting users might be retained by those third parties instead, introducing an additional collection point for the adversary.

VPN提供商通常依赖第三方来提供稍后将用于运行VPN端点的基础设施。例如,他们可能依赖外部专用服务器提供商或上行提供商。在这些情况下,即使VPN提供商本身没有保留任何重要的日志,有关连接用户的信息也可能由这些第三方保留,从而为对手引入一个额外的收集点。

5.2.3.6.4. IPv6 Leakage
5.2.3.6.4. IPv6泄漏

Some studies proved that several commercial VPN providers and applications suffer from critical leakage of information through IPv6 due to improper support and configuration [PETS2015VPN]. This is generally caused by a lack of proper configuration of the client's IPv6 routing tables. Considering that most popular browsers and similar applications have been supporting IPv6 by default, if the host is provided with a functional IPv6 configuration, the traffic that is generated might be leaked if the VPN application isn't designed to manipulate such traffic properly.

一些研究证明,由于不正确的支持和配置,一些商业VPN提供商和应用程序遭受了通过IPv6的严重信息泄漏[PETS2015 VPN]。这通常是由于缺少对客户端IPv6路由表的正确配置造成的。考虑到大多数流行浏览器和类似应用程序默认支持IPv6,如果主机提供了功能性IPv6配置,如果VPN应用程序未设计为正确处理此类流量,则生成的流量可能会泄漏。

5.2.3.6.5. DNS Leakage
5.2.3.6.5. DNS泄漏

Similarly, VPN services that aren't handling DNS requests and aren't running DNS servers of their own might be prone to DNS leaking that might not only expose sensitive information on the activity of a user but could also potentially lead to DNS hijacking attacks and subsequent compromises.

类似地,不处理DNS请求且不运行自己的DNS服务器的VPN服务可能容易发生DNS泄漏,这不仅可能暴露用户活动的敏感信息,还可能导致DNS劫持攻击和后续危害。

5.2.3.6.6. Traffic Correlation
5.2.3.6.6. 流量相关性

Some VPN implementations appear to be particularly vulnerable to identification and collection of key exchanges that, some Snowden documents revealed, are systematically collected and stored for future reference. The ability of an adversary to monitor network connections at many different points over the Internet can allow them to perform traffic correlation attacks and identify the origin of certain VPN traffic by cross-referencing the connection time of the user to the endpoint and the connection time of the endpoint to the final destination. These types of attacks, although very expensive and normally only performed by very resourceful adversaries, have been documented [SPIEGEL] to be already in practice, and they could completely nullify the use of a VPN and ultimately expose the activity and the identity of a user at risk.

一些VPN实现似乎特别容易受到密钥交换的识别和收集的影响,一些斯诺登文件透露,这些密钥交换被系统地收集和存储以供将来参考。敌方监控互联网上多个不同点的网络连接的能力可以让他们执行流量关联攻击,并通过交叉引用用户到端点的连接时间和端点到最终目的地的连接时间来识别某些VPN流量的来源。这些类型的攻击虽然非常昂贵,通常只由非常机智的对手执行,但据文献[SPIEGEL]记载,它们已经在实践中,并且可能完全取消VPN的使用,并最终暴露处于风险中的用户的活动和身份。

5.2.3.7. HTTP Status Code 451
5.2.3.7. HTTP状态代码451

"Every Internet user has run into the '404 Not Found' Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) status code when trying, and failing, to access a particular website" [Cath]. It is a response status that the server sends to the browser when the server cannot locate the URL. "403 Forbidden" is another example of this class of code signals that gives users information about what is going on. In the "403" case, the server can be reached but is blocking the request because the user is trying to access content forbidden to them, typically because some content is only for identified users, based on a payment or on special status in the organization. Most of the time, 403 is sent by the origin server, not by an intermediary. If a firewall prevents a government employee from accessing pornography on a work computer, it does not use 403.

“每一位互联网用户在尝试访问某个特定网站或访问失败时都会遇到'404 Not Found'超文本传输协议(HTTP)状态码”[Cath]。当服务器找不到URL时,服务器发送给浏览器的响应状态。“403禁止”是此类代码信号的另一个示例,它向用户提供有关正在发生的事情的信息。在“403”案例中,可以联系到服务器,但会阻止请求,因为用户试图访问禁止他们访问的内容,通常是因为某些内容仅针对已识别的用户,基于付款或组织中的特殊状态。大多数情况下,403是由源服务器发送的,而不是由中介发送的。如果防火墙阻止政府雇员访问工作计算机上的色情内容,它不会使用403。

As surveillance and censorship of the Internet are becoming more commonplace, voices were raised at the IETF to introduce a new status code that indicates when something is not available for "legal reasons" (like censorship):

随着对互联网的监视和审查变得越来越普遍,IETF提出了引入新的身份代码的建议,指出什么时候由于“法律原因”(如审查)而不可用:

The 451 status code would allow server operators to operate with greater transparency in circumstances where issues of law or public policy affect their operation. This transparency may be beneficial to both (1) these operators and (2) end users [RFC7725].

451状态代码允许服务器运营商在法律或公共政策问题影响其运营的情况下以更高的透明度运营。这种透明度可能对(1)这些运营商和(2)最终用户都有利[RFC7725]。

The status code is named "451" in reference to both Bradbury's famous novel "Fahrenheit 451" and to 451 degrees Fahrenheit (the temperature at which some claim book paper autoignites).

根据布拉德伯里的著名小说《华氏451度》和451华氏度(一些声称书的纸张自燃的温度),状态代码被命名为“451”。

During the IETF 92 meeting in Dallas, there was discussion about the usefulness of 451. The main tension revolved around the lack of an apparent machine-readable technical use of the information. The extent to which 451 is just "political theatre" or whether it has a concrete technical use was heatedly debated. Some argued that "the 451 status code is just a status code with a response body"; others said it was problematic because "it brings law into the picture." Still others argued that it would be useful for individuals or for organizations like the "Chilling Effects" project that are crawling the Web to get an indication of censorship (IETF discussion on 451 -- author's field notes, March 2015). There was no outright objection during the Dallas meeting against moving forward on status code 451, and on December 18, 2015, the IESG approved "An HTTP Status Code to Report Legal Obstacles" (now [RFC7725]) for publication. HTTP status code 451 is now an IETF-approved HTTP status code that signals when resource access is denied as a consequence of legal demands.

在达拉斯举行的IETF 92会议期间,讨论了451的有用性。主要的紧张关系围绕着信息缺乏明显的机器可读的技术用途。451在多大程度上只是一个“政治舞台”,或者它是否有具体的技术用途,这引起了激烈的争论。一些人认为,“451状态代码只是一个带有响应主体的状态代码”;另一些人说这是有问题的,因为“它将法律带入画面”。还有一些人认为这对个人或像“寒蝉效应”项目这样的组织来说是有用的,这些组织正在网络上爬行,以获得审查的迹象(IETF 451讨论——作者现场笔记,2015年3月)。在达拉斯会议期间,没有人明确反对推进状态代码451,2015年12月18日,IESG批准了“报告法律障碍的HTTP状态代码”(现为[RFC7725]),以供发布。HTTP状态代码451现在是IETF批准的HTTP状态代码,当资源访问因法律要求而被拒绝时发出信号。

What is interesting about this particular case is that not only technical arguments but also the status code's outright potential political use for civil society played a substantial role in shaping the discussion and the decision to move forward with this technology.

这一特殊案例的有趣之处在于,不仅是技术上的争论,而且《地位法典》对民间社会的直接潜在政治用途,在推动这一技术的讨论和决定方面发挥了重要作用。

It is nonetheless important to note that HTTP status code 451 is not a solution to detect all occasions of censorship. A large swath of Internet filtering occurs in the network, at a lower level than HTTP, rather than at the server itself. For these forms of censorship, 451 plays a limited role, as typical censoring intermediaries won't generate it. Besides technical reasons, such filtering regimes are unlikely to voluntarily inject a 451 status code. The use of 451 is most likely to apply in the case of cooperative, legal versions of content removal resulting from requests to providers. One can think of content that is removed or blocked for legal reasons, like copyright infringement, gambling laws, child abuse, etc. Large

尽管如此,重要的是要注意HTTP状态码451并不是检测所有审查情况的解决方案。大量互联网过滤发生在网络中,级别低于HTTP,而不是服务器本身。对于这些形式的审查,451起到了有限的作用,因为典型的审查中介不会产生它。除技术原因外,此类过滤机制不太可能自动注入451状态代码。451的使用最有可能适用于因向提供商提出请求而导致内容删除的合作、合法版本。人们可以想到由于法律原因被删除或阻止的内容,比如版权侵权、赌博法、虐待儿童等

Internet companies and search engines are constantly asked to censor content in various jurisdictions. 451 allows this to be easily discovered -- for instance, by initiatives like the Lumen Database.

互联网公司和搜索引擎经常被要求对不同司法管辖区的内容进行审查。451使得这一点很容易被发现——例如,通过Lumen数据库之类的计划。

Overall, the strength of 451 lies in its ability to provide transparency by giving the reason for blocking and giving the end user the ability to file a complaint. It allows organizations to easily measure censorship in an automated way and prompts the user to access the content via another path (e.g., Tor, VPNs) when (s)he encounters the 451 status code.

总的来说,451的优势在于它能够提供透明性,提供阻止的理由,并让最终用户能够提出投诉。它允许组织以自动化的方式轻松测量审查,并在用户遇到451状态码时,提示用户通过另一条路径(如Tor、VPN)访问内容。

Status code 451 impacts human rights by making censorship more transparent and measurable. It increases transparency by signaling the existence of censorship (instead of a much broader HTTP error message such as HTTP status code 404) as well as providing details of the legal restriction, which legal authority is imposing it, and to what class of resources it applies. This empowers the user to seek redress.

《身份代码451》通过使审查制度更加透明和可衡量而影响人权。它通过发出审查存在的信号(而不是更广泛的HTTP错误消息,如HTTP状态码404)以及提供法律限制的详细信息、法律权威施加的限制以及适用于哪类资源来增加透明度。这使用户能够寻求补救。

5.2.3.8. DDoS Attacks
5.2.3.8. DDoS攻击

Many individuals, including IETF engineers, have argued that DDoS attacks are fundamentally against freedom of expression. Technically, DDoS attacks are attacks where one host or multiple hosts overload the bandwidth or resources of another host by flooding it with traffic or making resource-intensive requests, causing it to temporarily stop being available to users. One can roughly differentiate three types of DDoS attacks:

包括IETF工程师在内的许多人都认为DDoS攻击从根本上是对言论自由的侵犯。从技术上讲,DDoS攻击是指一台或多台主机通过向另一台主机发送大量流量或发出资源密集型请求,导致另一台主机的带宽或资源过载,从而导致用户暂时无法使用该主机的攻击。可以大致区分三种类型的DDoS攻击:

1. volume-based attacks (which aim to make the host unreachable by using up all its bandwidth; often-used techniques are UDP floods and ICMP floods)

1. 基于卷的攻击(其目的是通过耗尽主机的所有带宽使主机无法访问;常用的技术是UDP洪水和ICMP洪水)

2. protocol attacks (which aim to use up actual server resources; often-used techniques are SYN floods, fragmented packet attacks, and "ping of death" [RFC4949])

2. 协议攻击(旨在耗尽实际服务器资源;常用的技术有SYN洪水、碎片数据包攻击和“死亡ping”[RFC4949])

3. application-layer attacks (which aim to bring down a server, such as a web server)

3. 应用层攻击(旨在关闭服务器,如web服务器)

DDoS attacks can thus stifle freedom of expression and complicate the ability of independent media and human rights organizations to exercise their right to (online) freedom of association, while facilitating the ability of governments to censor dissent. When it comes to comparing DDoS attacks to protests in offline life, it is important to remember that only a limited number of DDoS attacks solely involved willing participants. In the overwhelming majority of cases, the clients are hacked hosts of unrelated parties that

因此,DDoS攻击会扼杀言论自由,并使独立媒体和人权组织行使(在线)结社自由权的能力复杂化,同时促进政府审查异议的能力。在将DDoS攻击与离线生活中的抗议进行比较时,重要的是要记住,只有少数DDoS攻击仅涉及自愿参与者。在绝大多数情况下,客户端都是不相关方的黑客主机

have not consented to being part of a DDoS (for exceptions, see Operation Ababil [Ababil] or the Iranian Green Movement's DDoS campaign at election time [GreenMovement]). In addition, DDoS attacks are increasingly used as an extortion tactic.

未同意成为DDoS的一部分(有关例外情况,请参见Ababil行动[Ababil]或伊朗绿色运动在选举时的DDoS活动[GreenMovement])。此外,DDoS攻击越来越多地被用作敲诈策略。

All of these issues seem to suggest that the IETF should try to ensure that their protocols cannot be used for DDoS attacks; this is consistent with the long-standing IETF consensus that DDoS is an attack that protocols should mitigate to the extent they can [BCP72]. Decreasing the number of vulnerabilities in protocols and (outside of the IETF) the number of bugs in the network stacks of routers or computers could address this issue. The IETF can clearly play a role in bringing about some of these changes, but the IETF cannot be expected to take a positive stance on (specific) DDoS attacks or to create protocols that enable some attacks and inhibit others. What the IETF can do is critically reflect on its role in the development of the Internet and how this impacts the ability of people to exercise their human rights, such as freedom of expression.

所有这些问题似乎都表明IETF应努力确保其协议不能用于DDoS攻击;这与IETF长期以来的共识一致,即DDoS是一种协议应尽可能减轻的攻击[BCP72]。减少协议中的漏洞数量和(IETF之外)路由器或计算机网络堆栈中的bug数量可以解决这个问题。IETF显然可以在带来其中一些变化方面发挥作用,但不能期望IETF对(特定)DDoS攻击采取积极态度,或创建启用某些攻击并抑制其他攻击的协议。IETF所能做的是批判性地反思其在互联网发展中的作用,以及这如何影响人们行使人权的能力,如言论自由。

6. Model for Developing Human Rights Protocol Considerations
6. 制定人权议定书考虑事项的模式

This section outlines a set of human rights protocol considerations for protocol developers. It provides questions that engineers should ask themselves when developing or improving protocols if they want to understand their impact on human rights. It should, however, be noted that the impact of a protocol cannot be solely deduced from its design; its usage and implementation should also be studied to form a full assessment of the impact of the protocol on human rights.

本节概述了协议开发人员的一组人权协议注意事项。它提供了工程师在制定或改进协议时应该问自己的问题,如果他们想了解协议对人权的影响。然而,应当指出,一项议定书的影响不能仅仅从其设计中推断出来;还应研究该议定书的使用和执行情况,以全面评估该议定书对人权的影响。

The questions are based on the research performed by the HRPC Research Group. This research was documented prior to the writing of these considerations. The research establishes that human rights relate to standards and protocols; it also offers a common vocabulary of technical concepts that impact human rights and how these technical concepts can be combined to ensure that the Internet remains an enabling environment for human rights. With this, a model for developing human rights protocol considerations has taken shape.

这些问题基于HRPC研究小组进行的研究。在撰写这些考虑事项之前,本研究已被记录在案。研究确定,人权与标准和议定书有关;它还提供了影响人权的技术概念的共同词汇,以及如何将这些技术概念结合起来,以确保互联网仍然是促进人权的有利环境。有了这一点,制定人权议定书考虑的模式已经形成。

6.1. Human Rights Threats
6.1. 人权威胁

Human rights threats on the Internet come in a myriad of forms. Protocols and standards can either harm or enable the right to freedom of expression; the right to non-discrimination; the right to equal protection; the right to participate in cultural life, arts, and science; the right to freedom of assembly and association; and the right to security. An end user who is denied access to certain services, data, or websites may be unable to disclose vital information about malpractice on the part of a government or other

互联网上的人权威胁有多种形式。议定书和标准可能损害或促成言论自由权;不受歧视的权利;平等保护权;参与文化生活、艺术和科学的权利;集会和结社自由的权利;以及安全权。被拒绝访问某些服务、数据或网站的最终用户可能无法披露有关政府或其他机构不当行为的重要信息

authority. A person whose communications are monitored may be prevented from exercising their right to freedom of association or participation in political processes [Penney]. In a worst-case scenario, protocols that leak information can lead to physical danger. A realistic example to consider is when, based on information gathered by state agencies through information leakage in protocols, individuals perceived as threats to the state are subjected to torture, extrajudicial killings, or detention.

权威通信受到监测的人可能无法行使结社自由或参与政治进程的权利[Penney]。在最坏的情况下,泄漏信息的协议可能导致物理危险。一个现实的例子是,当基于国家机构收集的信息通过协议中的信息泄露时,被视为对国家的威胁的个人遭受酷刑、法外杀戮或拘留。

This section details several "common" threats to human rights, indicating how each of these can lead to harm to, or violations of, human rights. It also presents several examples of how these threats to human rights materialize on the Internet. This threat modeling is inspired by [RFC6973] ("Privacy Considerations for Internet Protocols"), which is based on security threat analysis. This method is by no means a perfect solution for assessing human rights risks in Internet protocols and systems; it is, however, the best approach currently available. Certain specific human rights threats are indirectly considered in Internet protocols as part of their security considerations [BCP72], but privacy guidelines [RFC6973] or reviews, let alone the assessments of the impact of protocols on human rights, are not standardized or implemented.

本节详细介绍了对人权的几种“常见”威胁,指出每种威胁如何导致对人权的损害或侵犯。报告还举例说明了这些对人权的威胁是如何在互联网上出现的。此威胁建模受[RFC6973](“互联网协议的隐私注意事项”)的启发,该模型基于安全威胁分析。这种方法绝不是评估互联网协议和系统中人权风险的完美解决方案;然而,这是目前可用的最佳方法。某些特定的人权威胁在互联网协议中被间接视为其安全考虑的一部分[BCP72],但隐私准则[RFC6973]或审查,更不用说协议对人权影响的评估,没有标准化或实施。

Many threats, enablers, and risks are linked to different rights. This is not surprising if one takes into account that human rights are interrelated, interdependent, and indivisible. Here, however, we're not discussing all human rights, because not all human rights are relevant to ICTs in general and to protocols and standards in particular [Bless1]:

许多威胁、促成因素和风险与不同的权利有关。如果考虑到人权是相互关联、相互依存和不可分割的,这并不奇怪。然而,在这里,我们并不是在讨论所有的人权,因为并非所有的人权都与一般的信息和通信技术有关,特别是与议定书和标准有关[Bless1]:

The main source of the values of human rights is the International Bill of Human Rights that is composed of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights [UDHR] along with the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights [ICCPR] and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights [ICESCR]. In the light of several cases of Internet censorship, the Human Rights Council Resolution 20/8 was adopted in 2012 [UNHRC2016], affirming "... that the same rights that people have offline must also be protected online ..." In 2015, the Charter of Human Rights and Principles for the Internet [IRP] was developed and released. According to these documents, some examples of human rights relevant for ICT systems are human dignity (Art. 1 UDHR), non-discrimination (Art. 2), rights to life, liberty and security (Art. 3), freedom of opinion and expression (Art. 19), freedom of assembly and association (Art. 20), rights to equal protection, legal remedy, fair trial, due process, presumed innocent (Art. 7-11), appropriate social and international order (Art. 28),

人权价值观的主要来源是由《世界人权宣言》以及《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》和《经济、社会、文化权利国际公约》组成的《国际人权法案》。鉴于几起互联网审查案件,2012年通过了人权理事会第20/8号决议[UNHRC1016],确认“……人们在网上享有的同样权利也必须在网上得到保护……”2015年,制定并发布了《互联网人权与原则宪章》[IRP]。根据这些文件,与信息和通信技术系统有关的一些人权实例包括人的尊严(《世界人权宣言》第1条)、不歧视(第2条)、生命权、自由和安全权(第3条)、见解和言论自由(第19条)、集会和结社自由(第20条)、平等保护权、法律补救权、公平审判权、,正当程序、推定无罪(第7-11条)、适当的社会和国际秩序(第28条),

participation in public affairs (Art. 21), participation in cultural life, protection of intellectual property (Art. 27), and privacy (Art. 12).

参与公共事务(第21条)、参与文化生活、保护知识产权(第27条)和隐私(第12条)。

A partial catalog of human rights related to ICTs, including economic rights, can be found in [Hill2014].

与信通技术相关的部分人权目录,包括经济权利,见[Hill2014]。

This is by no means an attempt to exclude specific rights or prioritize some rights over others. If other rights seem relevant, please contact the authors of this document.

这决不是试图排除特定权利或将某些权利置于其他权利之上。如果其他权利似乎相关,请联系本文件的作者。

6.2. Guidelines for Human Rights Considerations
6.2. 人权考虑准则

This section provides guidance for document authors in the form of a questionnaire about protocols and their (potential) impact. The questionnaire may be useful at any point in the design process, particularly after document authors have developed a high-level protocol model as described in [RFC4101]. These guidelines do not seek to replace any existing referenced specifications; rather, they contribute to them and look at the design process from a human rights perspective.

本节以问卷的形式为文件作者提供关于协议及其(潜在)影响的指导。问卷在设计过程中的任何时候都可能有用,尤其是在文档作者开发了[RFC4101]中所述的高级协议模型之后。这些指南并不试图取代任何现有的参考规范;相反,他们为他们做出了贡献,并从人权的角度看待设计过程。

Protocols and Internet Standards might benefit from a documented discussion of potential human rights risks arising from potential misapplications of the protocol or technology described in the RFC in question. This might be coupled with an Applicability Statement for that RFC.

协议和互联网标准可能会受益于记录在案的讨论,讨论因可能误用相关RFC中描述的协议或技术而产生的潜在人权风险。这可能与该RFC的适用性声明相结合。

Note that the guidance provided in this section does not recommend specific practices. The range of protocols developed in the IETF is too broad to make recommendations about particular uses of data or how human rights might be balanced against other design goals. However, by carefully considering the answers to the following questions, document authors should be able to produce a comprehensive analysis that can serve as the basis for discussion on whether the protocol adequately takes specific human rights threats into account. This guidance is meant to help the thought process of a human rights analysis; it does not provide specific directions for how to write a human rights protocol considerations section (following the example set in [RFC6973]), and the addition of a human rights protocol considerations section has also not yet been proposed. In considering these questions, authors will need to be aware of the potential of technical advances or the passage of time to undermine protections. In general, considerations of rights are likely to be more effective if they are considered given a purpose and specific use cases, rather than as abstract absolute goals.

请注意,本节中提供的指南并不推荐具体做法。IETF中制定的协议范围太广,无法就数据的特定用途或人权如何与其他设计目标相平衡提出建议。然而,通过仔细考虑以下问题的答案,文件作者应该能够作出全面的分析,作为讨论议定书是否充分考虑到具体人权威胁的基础。本指南旨在帮助人权分析的思维过程;它没有提供关于如何编写人权议定书考虑事项部分的具体指导(遵循[RFC6973]中的示例),也没有提议增加人权议定书考虑事项部分。在考虑这些问题时,作者需要意识到技术进步的潜力或时间的推移对保护的破坏。一般来说,如果权利被视为一个目的和特定的用例,而不是抽象的绝对目标,那么权利的考虑可能更有效。

6.2.1. Connectivity
6.2.1. 连通性

Questions:

问题:

- Does your protocol add application-specific functions to intermediary nodes?

- 您的协议是否向中间节点添加了特定于应用程序的功能?

- Could this functionality be added to end nodes instead of intermediary nodes?

- 是否可以将此功能添加到终端节点而不是中间节点?

- Is your protocol optimized for low bandwidth and high-latency connections?

- 您的协议是否针对低带宽和高延迟连接进行了优化?

- Could your protocol also be developed in a stateless manner?

- 您的协议是否也可以以无状态的方式开发?

Explanation: The end-to-end principle [Saltzer] holds that "the intelligence is end to end rather than hidden in the network" [RFC1958]. The end-to-end principle is important for the robustness of the network and innovation. Such robustness of the network is crucial to enabling human rights like freedom of expression.

说明:端到端原则[Saltzer]认为“智能是端到端的,而不是隐藏在网络中”[RFC1958]。端到端原则对于网络的健壮性和创新非常重要。网络的这种健壮性对于实现言论自由等人权至关重要。

Example: Middleboxes (which can be content delivery networks, firewalls, NATs, or other intermediary nodes that provide "services" other than routing) serve many legitimate purposes. But the protocols guiding them can influence individuals' ability to communicate online freely and privately. The potential for abuse, intentional and unintentional censoring, and limiting permissionless innovation -- and thus, ultimately, the impact of middleboxes on the Internet as a place of unfiltered, unmonitored freedom of speech -- is real.

例如:中间盒(可以是内容交付网络、防火墙、NAT或提供路由以外的“服务”的其他中间节点)服务于许多合法用途。但指导他们的协议会影响个人自由和私下在线交流的能力。滥用、有意和无意的审查以及限制无许可创新的可能性是真实存在的,因此,最终,中间包在互联网上作为一个未经过滤、不受监督的言论自由的场所所产生的影响也是真实存在的。

Impacts:

影响:

- Right to freedom of expression

- 言论自由权

- Right to freedom of assembly and association

- 集会和结社自由权

6.2.2. Privacy
6.2.2. 隐私

Questions:

问题:

- Did you have a look at the guidelines in Section 7 of [RFC6973] ("Privacy Considerations for Internet Protocols")?

- 您是否看过[RFC6973]第7节(“互联网协议的隐私注意事项”)中的指南?

- Could your protocol in any way impact the confidentiality of protocol metadata?

- 您的协议是否会以任何方式影响协议元数据的机密性?

- Could your protocol counter traffic analysis?

- 您的协议是否可以对抗流量分析?

- Could your protocol improve data minimization?

- 您的协议能否改进数据最小化?

- Does your document identify potentially sensitive data logged by your protocol and/or for how long that data needs to be retained for technical reasons?

- 您的文档是否识别了协议记录的潜在敏感数据和/或出于技术原因,该数据需要保留多长时间?

Explanation: "Privacy" refers to the right of an entity (normally a person), acting on its own behalf, to determine the degree to which it will interact with its environment, including the degree to which the entity is willing to share its personal information with others [RFC4949]. If a protocol provides insufficient privacy protection, it may have a negative impact on freedom of expression as users self-censor for fear of surveillance or find themselves unable to express themselves freely.

解释:“隐私”是指实体(通常是个人)代表自己决定其与环境互动程度的权利,包括实体愿意与他人共享其个人信息的程度[RFC4949]。如果协议提供的隐私保护不足,可能会对言论自由产生负面影响,因为用户担心受到监视而进行自我审查,或者发现自己无法自由表达自己的意见。

Example: See [RFC6973].

示例:请参见[RFC6973]。

Impacts:

影响:

- Right to freedom of expression

- 言论自由权

- Right to non-discrimination

- 不受歧视的权利

6.2.3. Content Agnosticism
6.2.3. 内容不可知论

Questions:

问题:

- If your protocol impacts packet handling, does it use user data (packet data that is not included in the header)?

- 如果您的协议影响数据包处理,它是否使用用户数据(不包括在报头中的数据包数据)?

- Does your protocol make decisions based on the payload of the packet?

- 您的协议是否根据数据包的有效负载做出决策?

- Does your protocol prioritize certain content or services over others in the routing process?

- 在路由过程中,您的协议是否优先考虑某些内容或服务?

- Is the protocol transparent about the prioritization that is made (if any)?

- 协议是否对所确定的优先级透明(如有)?

Explanation: "Content agnosticism" refers to the notion that network traffic is treated identically regardless of payload, with some exceptions when it comes to effective traffic handling -- for instance, delay-tolerant or delay-sensitive packets based on the header.

解释:“内容不可知论”指的是,无论有效负载如何,网络流量都会得到相同的处理,但在有效流量处理方面存在一些例外——例如,基于报头的延迟容忍或延迟敏感数据包。

Example: Content agnosticism prevents payload-based discrimination against packets. This is important because changes to this principle can lead to a two-tiered Internet, where certain packets are prioritized over others based on their content. Effectively, this would mean that although all users are entitled to receive their packets at a certain speed, some users become more equal than others.

示例:内容不可知论可防止基于负载的对数据包的歧视。这一点很重要,因为对这一原则的改变可能导致两层互联网,其中某些数据包根据其内容优先于其他数据包。实际上,这意味着尽管所有用户都有权以一定的速度接收他们的数据包,但一些用户变得比其他用户更加平等。

Impacts:

影响:

- Right to freedom of expression

- 言论自由权

- Right to non-discrimination

- 不受歧视的权利

- Right to equal protection

- 平等保护权

6.2.4. Security
6.2.4. 安全

Questions:

问题:

- Did you have a look at [BCP72] ("Guidelines for Writing RFC Text on Security Considerations")?

- 您是否看过[BCP72](“关于安全注意事项的RFC文本编写指南”)?

- Have you found any attacks that are somewhat related to your protocol yet considered out of scope for your document?

- 您是否发现任何与您的协议相关但被认为超出文档范围的攻击?

- Would these attacks be pertinent to the features of the Internet that enable human rights (as described throughout this document)?

- 这些攻击是否与实现人权的互联网特征有关(如本文件所述)?

Explanation: Most people speak of security as if it were a single monolithic property of a protocol or system; however, upon reflection one realizes that it is clearly not true. Rather, security is a series of related but somewhat independent properties. Not all of these properties are required for every application. Since communications are carried out by systems and access to systems is through communications channels, these goals obviously interlock, but they can also be independently provided [BCP72].

说明:大多数人在谈论安全性时,就好像它是协议或系统的单一单一单一属性一样;然而,经过反思,人们意识到这显然不是真的。相反,安全性是一系列相关但在某种程度上是独立的属性。并非所有这些属性都是每个应用程序所必需的。由于通信由系统执行,并且通过通信信道访问系统,这些目标显然是互锁的,但也可以独立提供[BCP72]。

Example: See [BCP72].

示例:参见[BCP72]。

Impacts:

影响:

- Right to freedom of expression

- 言论自由权

- Right to freedom of assembly and association

- 集会和结社自由权

- Right to non-discrimination

- 不受歧视的权利

- Right to security

- 担保权

6.2.5. Internationalization
6.2.5. 国际化

Questions:

问题:

- Does your protocol have text strings that have to be understood or entered by humans?

- 您的协议是否有人类必须理解或输入的文本字符串?

- Does your protocol allow Unicode? If so, do you accept texts in one charset (which must be UTF-8) or several (which is dangerous for interoperability)?

- 您的协议允许Unicode吗?如果是这样,您接受一个字符集(必须是UTF-8)还是多个字符集(这对互操作性很危险)中的文本?

- If character sets or encodings other than UTF-8 are allowed, does your protocol mandate proper tagging of the charset?

- 如果允许使用UTF-8以外的字符集或编码,您的协议是否要求正确标记字符集?

- Did you have a look at [RFC6365]?

- 您看过[RFC6365]了吗?

Explanation: "Internationalization" refers to the practice of making protocols, standards, and implementations usable in different languages and scripts (see Section 6.2.12 ("Localization")). "In the IETF, 'internationalization' means to add or improve the handling of non-ASCII text in a protocol" [RFC6365].

说明:“国际化”是指使协议、标准和实现在不同语言和脚本中可用的实践(见第6.2.12节(“本地化”)。“在IETF中,“国际化”是指添加或改进协议中非ASCII文本的处理”[RFC6365]。

A different perspective, more appropriate to protocols that are designed for global use from the beginning, is the definition used by the W3C [W3Ci18nDef]: "Internationalization is the design and development of a product, application or document content that enables easy localization for target audiences that vary in culture, region, or language."

W3C[W3Ci18nDef]使用的定义是一个不同的视角,更适合于从一开始就为全球使用而设计的协议:“国际化是设计和开发产品、应用程序或文档内容,使不同文化、地区或语言的目标受众能够轻松地进行本地化。”

Many protocols that handle text only handle one charset (US-ASCII), or they leave the question of what coded character set (CCS) and encoding are used up to local guesswork (which leads, of course, to interoperability problems) [RFC3536]. If multiple charsets are permitted, they must be explicitly identified [RFC2277]. Adding non-ASCII text to a protocol allows the protocol to handle more scripts, hopefully all scripts in use in the world. In today's world, that is normally best accomplished by allowing Unicode encoded in UTF-8 only.

许多处理文本的协议只处理一个字符集(US-ASCII),或者将使用什么编码字符集(CCS)和编码的问题留给本地猜测(这当然会导致互操作性问题)[RFC3536]。如果允许多个字符集,则必须明确标识它们[RFC2277]。将非ASCII文本添加到协议中可以使协议处理更多脚本,希望能够处理世界上使用的所有脚本。在当今世界,这通常最好通过只允许使用UTF-8编码的Unicode来实现。

In the current IETF policy [RFC2277], internationalization is aimed at user-facing strings, not protocol elements, such as the verbs used by some text-based protocols. (Do note that some strings, such as identifiers, are both content and protocol elements.) If the Internet wants to be a global network of networks, the protocols should work with languages other than English and character sets other than Latin characters. It is therefore crucial that at least the content carried by the protocol can be in any script and that all scripts are treated equally.

在当前的IETF策略[RFC2277]中,国际化的目标是面向用户的字符串,而不是协议元素,例如一些基于文本的协议所使用的动词。(请注意,某些字符串(如标识符)既是内容元素又是协议元素。)如果Internet希望成为全球网络,则协议应使用英语以外的语言和拉丁字符以外的字符集。因此,至关重要的是,至少协议所承载的内容可以包含在任何脚本中,并且所有脚本都得到平等对待。

Example: See Section 6.2.12 ("Localization").

示例:见第6.2.12节(“本地化”)。

Impacts:

影响:

- Right to freedom of expression

- 言论自由权

- Right to political participation

- 政治参与权

- Right to participate in cultural life, arts, and science

- 参与文化生活、艺术和科学的权利

6.2.6. Censorship Resistance
6.2.6. 审查抵抗

Questions:

问题:

- Does this protocol introduce new identifiers or reuse existing identifiers (e.g., Media Access Control (MAC) addresses) that might be associated with persons or content?

- 该协议是否引入新标识符或重用可能与人员或内容相关联的现有标识符(例如,媒体访问控制(MAC)地址)?

- Does your protocol make it apparent or transparent when access to a resource is restricted?

- 当对资源的访问受到限制时,您的协议是否使其变得明显或透明?

- Can your protocol contribute to filtering in such a way that it could be implemented to censor data or services? If so, could your protocol be designed to ensure that this doesn't happen?

- 您的协议是否有助于过滤,从而可以实现对数据或服务的审查?如果是这样,您的协议是否可以设计为确保不会发生这种情况?

Explanation: "Censorship resistance" refers to the methods and measures to prevent Internet censorship.

说明:“抵制审查”是指防止互联网审查的方法和措施。

Example: When IPv6 was developed, embedding a MAC address into unique IP addresses was discussed. This makes it possible, per [RFC4941], for "eavesdroppers and other information collectors to identify when different addresses used in different transactions actually correspond to the same node." This is why privacy extensions for stateless address autoconfiguration in IPv6 [RFC4941] have been introduced.

示例:在开发IPv6时,讨论了将MAC地址嵌入唯一IP地址的问题。根据[RFC4941],这使得“窃听者和其他信息收集者能够识别不同事务中使用的不同地址何时实际对应于同一节点。”这就是为什么IPv6[RFC4941]中引入了无状态地址自动配置的隐私扩展。

Identifiers of content exposed within a protocol might be used to facilitate censorship, as in the case of application-layer-based censorship, which affects protocols like HTTP. Denial or restriction of access can be made apparent by the use of status code 451, thereby allowing server operators to operate with greater transparency in circumstances where issues of law or public policy affect their operation [RFC7725].

协议中公开的内容的标识符可用于促进审查,如基于应用层的审查,这会影响HTTP等协议。通过使用状态代码451,可以明显拒绝或限制访问,从而允许服务器运营商在法律或公共政策问题影响其运营的情况下更透明地运营[RFC7725]。

Impacts:

影响:

- Right to freedom of expression

- 言论自由权

- Right to political participation

- 政治参与权

- Right to participate in cultural life, arts, and science

- 参与文化生活、艺术和科学的权利

- Right to freedom of assembly and association

- 集会和结社自由权

6.2.7. Open Standards
6.2.7. 开放标准

Questions:

问题:

- Is your protocol fully documented in such a way that it could be easily implemented, improved, built upon, and/or further developed?

- 您的协议是否以易于实施、改进、构建和/或进一步开发的方式完整记录?

- Do you depend on proprietary code for the implementation, running, or further development of your protocol?

- 您是否依赖专有代码来实现、运行或进一步开发您的协议?

- Does your protocol favor a particular proprietary specification over technically equivalent and competing specification(s) -- for instance, by making any incorporated vendor specification "required" or "recommended" [RFC2026]?

- 您的协议是否支持特定的专有规范,而不是技术上等效和竞争的规范?例如,通过使任何合并的供应商规范成为“必需”或“推荐”[RFC2026]?

- Do you normatively reference another standard that is not available without cost (and could you possibly do without it)?

- 您是否规范性地引用了另一个不可能免费提供的标准(并且您可能不使用它)?

- Are you aware of any patents that would prevent your standard from being fully implemented [RFC6701] [RFC8179]?

- 您是否知道有任何专利会妨碍您的标准的全面实施[RFC6701][RFC8179]?

Explanation: The Internet was able to be developed into the global network of networks because of the existence of open, non-proprietary standards [Zittrain]. They are crucial for enabling interoperability. Yet, open standards are not explicitly defined within the IETF. On the subject, [RFC2026] states the following: "Various national and international standards bodies, such as ANSI, ISO, IEEE, and ITU-T, develop a variety of protocol and service specifications that are similar to Technical

说明:互联网之所以能够发展成为全球网络,是因为存在着开放的、非专有的标准[Zittrain]。它们对于实现互操作性至关重要。然而,开放标准并未在IETF中明确定义。关于该主题,[RFC2026]陈述如下:“各种国家和国际标准机构,如ANSI、ISO、IEEE和ITU-T,制定了各种类似于技术规范的协议和服务规范

Specifications defined" at the IETF. "National and international groups also publish 'implementors' agreements' that are analogous to Applicability Statements, capturing a body of implementation-specific detail concerned with the practical application of their standards. All of these are considered to be 'open external standards' for the purposes of the Internet Standards Process." Similarly, [RFC3935] does not define open standards but does emphasize the importance of "open process": any interested person can participate in the work, know what is being decided, and make his or her voice heard on the issue. Part of this principle is the IETF's commitment to making its documents, WG mailing lists, attendance lists, and meeting minutes publicly available on the Internet.

“在IETF”中定义的规范。国家和国际组织还发布类似于适用性声明的“实施者”协议,捕获与其标准实际应用相关的实施特定细节。就互联网标准过程而言,所有这些都被视为“开放的外部标准”。“同样,[RFC3935]没有定义开放标准,但强调了“开放过程”的重要性“:任何感兴趣的人都可以参与工作,知道正在决定什么,并就这个问题发表自己的意见。这一原则的一部分是IETF承诺在互联网上公开其文件、工作组邮件列表、出席名单和会议纪要。

Open standards are important, as they allow for permissionless innovation, which in turn is important for maintaining the freedom and ability to freely create and deploy new protocols on top of the communications constructs that currently exist. It is at the heart of the Internet as we know it, and to maintain its fundamentally open nature, we need to be mindful of the need for developing open standards.

开放标准很重要,因为它们允许无许可的创新,而无许可的创新反过来又对维护在现有通信结构之上自由创建和部署新协议的自由和能力很重要。正如我们所知,它是互联网的核心,为了保持其基本的开放性,我们需要注意制定开放标准的必要性。

All standards that need to be normatively implemented should be freely available and should provide reasonable protection against patent infringement claims, so that it can also be implemented in open-source or free software. Patents have often held back open standardization or have been used against those deploying open standards, particularly in the domain of cryptography [Newegg]. An exemption is sometimes made when a protocol that normatively relies on specifications produced by other SDOs that are not freely available is standardized. Patents in open standards or in normative references to other standards should have a patent disclosure [notewell], royalty-free licensing [patentpolicy], or some other form of reasonable protection. Reasonable patent protection should include, but is not limited to, cryptographic primitives.

所有需要规范实施的标准都应该是免费的,并且应该针对专利侵权索赔提供合理的保护,以便也可以在开源或自由软件中实施。专利常常阻碍开放标准化,或者被用来对付那些部署开放标准的人,特别是在密码学领域[Newegg]。当规范性地依赖于其他SDO制定的规范(这些规范不是免费提供的)的协议被标准化时,有时会进行豁免。公开标准或其他标准的规范性引用中的专利应具有专利披露[注]、免版税许可[专利政策]或其他形式的合理保护。合理的专利保护应包括但不限于加密原语。

Example: [RFC6108] describes a system deployed by Comcast, an ISP, for providing critical end-user notifications to web browsers. Such a notification system is being used to provide almost-immediate notifications to customers, such as warning them that their traffic exhibits patterns that are indicative of malware or virus infection. There are other proprietary systems that can perform such notifications, but those systems utilize Deep Packet Inspection (DPI) technology. In contrast to DPI, [RFC6108] describes a system that does not rely upon DPI and is instead based on open IETF standards and open-source applications.

示例:[RFC6108]描述了ISP Comcast部署的一个系统,用于向web浏览器提供关键的最终用户通知。这种通知系统被用来向客户提供几乎即时的通知,例如警告他们,他们的流量显示出表明恶意软件或病毒感染的模式。还有其他专有系统可以执行此类通知,但这些系统利用深度数据包检查(DPI)技术。与DPI不同,[RFC6108]描述了一个不依赖DPI的系统,而是基于开放IETF标准和开源应用程序。

Impacts:

影响:

- Right to freedom of expression

- 言论自由权

- Right to participate in cultural life, arts, and science

- 参与文化生活、艺术和科学的权利

6.2.8. Heterogeneity Support
6.2.8. 异质性支持

Questions:

问题:

- Does your protocol support heterogeneity by design?

- 您的协议在设计上支持异构性吗?

- Does your protocol allow for multiple types of hardware?

- 您的协议是否允许多种类型的硬件?

- Does your protocol allow for multiple types of application protocols?

- 您的协议是否允许多种类型的应用程序协议?

- Is your protocol liberal in what it receives and handles?

- 您的协议在接收和处理内容方面是否自由?

- Will your protocol remain usable and open if the context changes?

- 如果上下文发生变化,您的协议是否仍然可用和开放?

- Does your protocol allow well-defined extension points? If so, do these extension points allow for open innovation?

- 您的协议是否允许定义良好的扩展点?如果是,这些扩展点是否允许开放式创新?

Explanation: [FIArch] notes the following: "The Internet is characterized by heterogeneity on many levels: devices and nodes, router scheduling algorithms and queue management mechanisms, routing protocols, levels of multiplexing, protocol versions and implementations, underlying link layers (e.g., point-to-point, multi-access links, wireless, FDDI, etc.), in the traffic mix and in the levels of congestion at different times and places. Moreover, as the Internet is composed of autonomous organizations and internet service providers, each with their own separate policy concerns, there is a large heterogeneity of administrative domains and pricing structures." As a result, as also noted in [FIArch], the heterogeneity principle proposed in [RFC1958] needs to be supported by design.

解释:[FIArch]注意到以下内容:“互联网在许多层面上具有异构性:设备和节点、路由器调度算法和队列管理机制、路由协议、多路复用级别、协议版本和实现、底层链路层(例如,点对点、多址链路、无线、FDDI等)此外,由于互联网由自主组织和互联网服务提供商组成,各自有各自的政策关注点,因此管理领域和定价结构存在很大的异质性。”因此,正如[FIArch]中所述[RFC1958]中提出的异质性原则需要设计的支持。

Example: Heterogeneity is inevitable and needs to be supported by design. For example, multiple types of hardware must be allowed for transmission speeds differing by at least seven orders of magnitude, various computer word lengths, and hosts ranging from memory-starved microprocessors up to massively parallel supercomputers. As noted in [RFC1958], "Multiple types of application protocol must be allowed for, ranging from the simplest such as remote login up to the most complex such as distributed databases."

示例:异质性是不可避免的,需要设计的支持。例如,必须允许多种类型的硬件用于传输速度至少相差七个数量级、不同的计算机字长以及从内存不足的微处理器到大规模并行超级计算机的主机。如[RFC1958]所述,“必须允许多种类型的应用程序协议,从最简单的远程登录到最复杂的分布式数据库。”

Impacts:

影响:

- Right to freedom of expression

- 言论自由权

- Right to political participation

- 政治参与权

6.2.9. Anonymity
6.2.9. 匿名

Question:

问题:

- Did you have a look at [RFC6973] ("Privacy Considerations for Internet Protocols"), especially Section 6.1.1 of that document?

- 您是否看过[RFC6973](“互联网协议的隐私注意事项”),特别是该文件的第6.1.1节?

Explanation: "Anonymity" refers to the condition of an identity being unknown or concealed [RFC4949]. Even though full anonymity is hard to achieve, it is a non-binary concept. Making pervasive monitoring and tracking harder is important for many users as well as for the IETF [RFC7258]. Achieving a higher level of anonymity is an important feature for many end users, as it allows them different degrees of privacy online.

说明:“匿名性”指身份未知或隐藏的情况[RFC4949]。尽管完全匿名很难实现,但它是一个非二进制概念。对于许多用户以及IETF来说,更难实现普及监控和跟踪非常重要[RFC7258]。对于许多终端用户来说,实现更高级别的匿名性是一项重要功能,因为它允许他们在网上享有不同程度的隐私。

Example: Protocols often expose personal data; it is therefore important to consider ways to mitigate the obvious impacts on privacy. A protocol that uses data that could help identify a sender (items of interest) should be protected from third parties. For instance, if one wants to hide the source/destination IP addresses of a packet, the use of IPsec in tunneling mode (e.g., inside a VPN) can help protect against third parties likely to eavesdrop packets exchanged between the tunnel endpoints.

示例:协议经常公开个人数据;因此,重要的是考虑如何减轻对隐私的明显影响。应保护使用有助于识别发送者(感兴趣的项目)的数据的协议不受第三方的影响。例如,如果想要隐藏数据包的源/目标IP地址,则在隧道模式(例如,在VPN内部)中使用IPsec可以帮助防止可能窃听隧道端点之间交换的数据包的第三方。

Impacts:

影响:

- Right to non-discrimination

- 不受歧视的权利

- Right to political participation

- 政治参与权

- Right to freedom of assembly and association

- 集会和结社自由权

- Right to security

- 担保权

6.2.10. Pseudonymity
6.2.10. 笔名

Questions:

问题:

- Have you considered [RFC6973] ("Privacy Considerations for Internet Protocols"), especially Section 6.1.2 of that document?

- 您是否考虑过[RFC6973](“互联网协议的隐私考虑”),尤其是该文件的第6.1.2节?

- Does the protocol collect personally derived data?

- 协议是否收集个人派生的数据?

- Does the protocol generate or process anything that can be, or that can be tightly correlated with, personally identifiable information?

- 协议是否生成或处理任何可以或可以与个人身份信息紧密相关的信息?

- Does the protocol utilize data that is personally derived, i.e., derived from the interaction of a single person or from their device or address?

- 协议是否使用个人衍生的数据,即从单个人员的交互或他们的设备或地址衍生的数据?

- Does this protocol generate personally derived data? If so, how will that data be handled?

- 该协议是否生成个人派生的数据?如果是,将如何处理这些数据?

Explanation: Pseudonymity -- the ability to use a persistent identifier that is not immediately linked to one's offline identity -- is an important feature for many end users, as it allows them different degrees of disguised identity and privacy online.

说明:笔名——即使用不立即与离线身份关联的持久标识符的能力——是许多终端用户的一项重要功能,因为它允许他们在线上不同程度地伪装身份和隐私。

Example: When designing a standard that exposes personal data, it is important to consider ways to mitigate the obvious impacts. While pseudonyms cannot easily be reverse-engineered -- for example, some early approaches used such techniques as simple hashing of IP addresses that could in turn be easily reversed by generating a hash for each potential IP address and comparing it to the pseudonym -- limiting the exposure of personal data remains important.

示例:当设计一个公开个人数据的标准时,重要的是考虑如何减轻明显的影响。虽然笔名不容易反向工程——例如,一些早期方法使用了IP地址的简单散列等技术,通过为每个潜在IP地址生成一个散列并将其与笔名进行比较,可以很容易地反向工程——但限制个人数据的暴露仍然很重要。

"Pseudonymity" means using a pseudonym instead of one's "real" name. There are many reasons for users to use pseudonyms -- for instance, to hide their gender; protect themselves against harassment; protect their families' privacy; frankly discuss sexuality; or develop an artistic or journalistic persona without retribution from an employer, (potential) customers, or social surroundings [geekfeminism]. The difference between anonymity and pseudonymity is that a pseudonym is often persistent. "Pseudonymity is strengthened when less personal data can be linked to the pseudonym; when the same pseudonym is used less often and across fewer contexts; and when independently chosen pseudonyms are more frequently used for new actions (making them, from an observer's or attacker's perspective, unlinkable)." [RFC6973]

“假名”是指使用假名而不是“真名”。用户使用假名有很多原因,例如,为了隐藏自己的性别;保护自己不受骚扰;保护家人的隐私;坦率地讨论性;或者在不受雇主、(潜在)客户或社会环境(极客女性主义)惩罚的情况下发展艺术或新闻人物形象。匿名和假名的区别在于,假名通常是持久的。“当更少的个人数据可以链接到笔名时,笔名会得到加强;当相同的笔名在更少的上下文中使用较少;当独立选择的笔名更频繁地用于新的操作时(从观察者或攻击者的角度来看,使其无法链接)。”[RFC6973]

Impacts:

影响:

- Right to non-discrimination

- 不受歧视的权利

- Right to freedom of assembly and association

- 集会和结社自由权

6.2.11. Accessibility
6.2.11. 可达性

Questions:

问题:

- Is your protocol designed to provide an enabling environment for people who are not able-bodied?

- 您的协议是否旨在为身体不健全的人提供有利的环境?

- Have you looked at the W3C Web Accessibility Initiative [W3CAccessibility] for examples and guidance?

- 您看过W3C Web易访问性计划[W3CAccessibility]的示例和指南了吗?

Explanation: The Internet is fundamentally designed to work for all people, whatever their hardware, software, language, culture, location, or physical or mental ability. When the Internet meets this goal, it is accessible to people with a diverse range of hearing, movement, sight, and cognitive abilities [W3CAccessibility]. Sometimes, in the design of protocols, websites, web technologies, or web tools, barriers that exclude people from using the Web are created.

说明:互联网基本上是为所有人设计的,无论他们的硬件、软件、语言、文化、地理位置、身体或心理能力如何。当互联网实现这一目标时,具有不同听觉、运动、视觉和认知能力的人都可以访问互联网[W3CAccessibility]。有时,在协议、网站、web技术或web工具的设计中,会产生阻碍人们使用web的障碍。

Example: The HTML protocol as defined in [HTML5] specifically requires that (with a few exceptions) every image must have an "alt" attribute to ensure that images are accessible for people that cannot themselves decipher non-text content in web pages.

示例:[HTML5]中定义的HTML协议特别要求(除少数例外)每个图像必须具有“alt”属性,以确保无法自己破译网页中非文本内容的人可以访问图像。

Impacts:

影响:

- Right to non-discrimination

- 不受歧视的权利

- Right to freedom of assembly and association

- 集会和结社自由权

- Right to education

- 受教育权

- Right to political participation

- 政治参与权

6.2.12. Localization
6.2.12. 本地化

Questions:

问题:

- Does your protocol uphold the standards of internationalization?

- 您的协议是否坚持国际化标准?

- Have you taken any concrete steps towards localizing your protocol for relevant audiences?

- 您是否已采取任何具体步骤,将您的协议本地化以供相关受众使用?

Explanation: Per [W3Ci18nDef], "Localization refers to the adaptation of a product, application or document content to meet the language, cultural and other requirements of a specific target market (a 'locale')." It is also described as the practice of

说明:根据[W3Ci18nDef],“本地化是指对产品、应用程序或文档内容进行调整,以满足特定目标市场的语言、文化和其他要求(“地区”)。”它也被描述为

translating an implementation to make it functional in a specific language or for users in a specific locale (see Section 6.2.5 ("Internationalization")).

翻译实现,使其在特定语言中或在特定语言环境中对用户起作用(见第6.2.5节(“国际化”)。

Example: The Internet is a global medium, but many of its protocols and products are developed with a certain audience in mind; this audience often shares particular characteristics like knowing how to read and write in ASCII and knowing English. This limits the ability of a large part of the world's online population to use the Internet in a way that is culturally and linguistically accessible. An example of a protocol that has taken into account the view that individuals like to have access to data in their native language can be found in [RFC5646]; such a protocol would label the information content with an identifier for the language in which it is written and would allow information to be presented in more than one language.

例子:互联网是一种全球性的媒介,但它的许多协议和产品都是针对特定的受众开发的;这些读者通常都有一些共同的特点,比如知道如何用ASCII读写,懂英语。这限制了世界上大部分在线人口以文化和语言上可访问的方式使用互联网的能力。[RFC5646]中提供了一个协议示例,该协议考虑了个人喜欢以其母语访问数据的观点;这样一个协议将使用编写信息内容所用语言的标识符来标记信息内容,并允许信息以一种以上的语言呈现。

Impacts:

影响:

- Right to non-discrimination

- 不受歧视的权利

- Right to participate in cultural life, arts, and science

- 参与文化生活、艺术和科学的权利

- Right to freedom of expression

- 言论自由权

6.2.13. Decentralization
6.2.13. 权力下放

Questions:

问题:

- Can your protocol be implemented without one single point of control?

- 您的协议是否可以在没有单个控制点的情况下实现?

- If applicable, can your protocol be deployed in a federated manner?

- 如果适用,您的协议能否以联邦方式部署?

- What is the potential for discrimination against users of your protocol?

- 您的协议用户可能受到哪些歧视?

- Can your protocol be used to negatively implicate users (e.g., incrimination, accusation)?

- 您的协议是否可用于对用户造成负面影响(例如,有罪、指控)?

- Does your protocol create additional centralized points of control?

- 您的协议是否创建了其他集中控制点?

Explanation: Decentralization is one of the central technical concepts of the architecture of networks and is embraced as such by the IETF [RFC3935]. It refers to the absence or minimization of centralized points of control -- "a feature that is assumed to

说明:非集中化是网络体系结构的核心技术概念之一,因此受到IETF[RFC3935]的欢迎。它指的是集中控制点的缺失或最小化——“一种假定为

make it easy for new users to join and new uses to unfold" [Brown]. It also reduces issues surrounding single points of failure and distributes the network such that it continues to function if one or several nodes are disabled. With the commercialization of the Internet in the early 1990s, there has been a slow trend toward moving away from decentralization, to the detriment of any technical benefits that having a decentralized Internet otherwise provides.

让新用户更容易加入,新用途更容易展开“[Brown]。它还减少了围绕单点故障的问题,并分布了网络,以便在一个或多个节点被禁用时继续运行。随着互联网在20世纪90年代初的商业化,出现了一种缓慢的趋势,即从分散走向分散,这有损于网络的任何技术优势g分散的互联网提供其他服务。

Example: The bits traveling the Internet are increasingly susceptible to monitoring and censorship, from both governments and ISPs, as well as third (malicious) parties. The ability to monitor and censor is further enabled by increased centralization of the network, creating central infrastructure points that can be tapped into. The creation of P2P networks and the development of voice-over-IP protocols using P2P technology in combination with a distributed hash table (DHT) for scalability are examples of how protocols can preserve decentralization [Pouwelse].

示例:在互联网上传播的比特越来越容易受到来自政府、ISP以及第三方(恶意)的监控和审查。通过加强网络的集中化,创建可利用的中央基础设施点,进一步实现了监控和审查的能力。P2P网络的创建以及使用P2P技术结合分布式哈希表(DHT)开发IP语音协议以实现可伸缩性是协议如何保持分散性的例子[Pouwelse]。

Impacts:

影响:

- Right to freedom of expression

- 言论自由权

- Right to freedom of assembly and association

- 集会和结社自由权

6.2.14. Reliability
6.2.14. 可靠性

Questions:

问题:

- Is your protocol fault tolerant?

- 你的协议是容错的吗?

- Does your protocol degrade gracefully?

- 您的协议是否优雅地降级?

- Can your protocol resist malicious degradation attempts?

- 您的协议能否抵御恶意降级尝试?

- Do you have a documented way to announce degradation?

- 您是否有记录在案的方式来宣布降级?

- Do you have measures in place for recovery or partial healing from failure?

- 您是否有从失败中恢复或部分治愈的措施?

- Can your protocol maintain dependability and performance in the face of unanticipated changes or circumstances?

- 面对意外的变化或情况,您的协议能否保持可靠性和性能?

Explanation: Reliability ensures that a protocol will execute its function consistently, be error resistant as described, and function without unexpected results. A system that is reliable degenerates gracefully and will have a documented way to announce degradation. It also has mechanisms to recover from failure

说明:可靠性确保协议将一致地执行其功能,如所述具有抗错误性,并且功能不会出现意外结果。一个可靠的系统会优雅地退化,并且会有一个记录在案的方式来宣布退化。它还具有从故障中恢复的机制

gracefully and, if applicable, to allow for partial healing. It is important here to draw a distinction between random degradation and malicious degradation. Many current attacks against TLS, for example, exploit TLS's ability to gracefully degrade to older cipher suites; from a functional perspective, this ability is good, but from a security perspective, it can be very bad. As with confidentiality, the growth of the Internet and fostering innovation in services depend on users having confidence and trust [RFC3724] in the network. For reliability, it is necessary that services notify users if packet delivery fails. In the case of real-time systems, the protocol needs to safeguard timeliness in addition to providing reliable delivery.

优雅地,如果适用,允许部分愈合。在这里,区分随机降级和恶意降级很重要。当前许多针对TLS的攻击,例如,利用TLS优雅地降级为旧密码套件的能力;从功能的角度来看,这种能力是好的,但从安全的角度来看,它可能非常糟糕。与保密性一样,互联网的发展和服务创新取决于用户对网络的信心和信任[RFC3724]。为了可靠性,如果数据包传递失败,服务必须通知用户。在实时系统中,协议除了提供可靠的交付外,还需要保证及时性。

Example: In the modern IP stack structure, a reliable transport layer requires an indication that transport processing has successfully completed, such as the indication given by TCP's ACK message [RFC793] and not simply an indication from the IP layer that the packet arrived. Similarly, an application-layer protocol may require an application-specific acknowledgement that contains, among other things, a status code indicating the disposition of the request (see [RFC3724]).

示例:在现代IP堆栈结构中,可靠传输层需要传输处理已成功完成的指示,例如TCP的ACK消息[RFC793]给出的指示,而不仅仅是来自IP层的数据包到达的指示。类似地,应用层协议可能需要特定于应用的确认,该确认除其他外,包含指示请求处置的状态代码(参见[RFC3724])。

Impacts:

影响:

- Right to freedom of expression

- 言论自由权

- Right to security

- 担保权

6.2.15. Confidentiality
6.2.15. 保密性

Questions:

问题:

- Does this protocol expose information related to identifiers or data? If so, does it do so to each of the other protocol entities (i.e., recipients, intermediaries, and enablers) [RFC6973]?

- 此协议是否公开与标识符或数据相关的信息?如果是,它是否对其他每个协议实体(即接收方、中介和使能器)[RFC6973]都这样做?

- What options exist for protocol implementers to choose to limit the information shared with each entity?

- 协议实施者可以选择哪些选项来限制与每个实体共享的信息?

- What operational controls are available to limit the information shared with each entity?

- 有哪些操作控制措施可用于限制与每个实体共享的信息?

- What controls or consent mechanisms does the protocol define or require before personal data or identifiers are shared or exposed via the protocol? If no such mechanisms or controls are specified, is it expected that control and consent will be handled outside of the protocol?

- 在通过协议共享或公开个人数据或标识符之前,协议定义或要求哪些控制或同意机制?如果未规定此类机制或控制措施,是否预期控制和同意将在协议之外处理?

- Does the protocol provide ways for initiators to share different pieces of information with different recipients? If not, are there mechanisms that exist outside of the protocol to provide initiators with such control?

- 协议是否为发起者提供了与不同接收者共享不同信息的方法?如果没有,是否存在协议之外的机制为启动器提供此类控制?

- Does the protocol provide ways for initiators to limit which information is shared with intermediaries? If not, are there mechanisms that exist outside of the protocol to provide users with such control?

- 协议是否为启动器提供了限制与中介共享哪些信息的方法?如果没有,是否存在协议之外的机制为用户提供此类控制?

- Is it expected that users will have relationships that govern the use of the information (contractual or otherwise) with those who operate these intermediaries?

- 是否预期用户将与这些中介机构的运营商建立管理信息使用(合同或其他)的关系?

- Does the protocol prefer encryption over cleartext operation?

- 协议是否更喜欢加密而不是明文操作?

- Does the protocol provide ways for initiators to express individuals' preferences to recipients or intermediaries with regard to the collection, use, or disclosure of their personal data?

- 该协议是否为发起人提供了方式,以表达个人在收集、使用或披露个人数据方面对接收人或中介的偏好?

Explanation: "Confidentiality" refers to keeping a user's data secret from unintended listeners [BCP72]. The growth of the Internet depends on users having confidence that the network protects their personal data [RFC1984].

说明:“保密性”是指对无意中的侦听器对用户的数据保密[BCP72]。互联网的发展取决于用户对网络保护其个人数据的信心[RFC1984]。

Example: Protocols that do not encrypt their payload make the entire content of the communication available to the idealized attacker along their path [RFC7624]. Following the advice in [RFC3365], most such protocols have a secure variant that encrypts the payload for confidentiality, and these secure variants are seeing ever-wider deployment. A noteworthy exception is DNS [RFC1035], as DNSSEC [RFC4033] does not have confidentiality as a requirement. This implies that, in the absence of changes to the protocol as presently under development in the IETF's DNS Private Exchange (DPRIVE) Working Group, all DNS queries and answers generated by the activities of any protocol are available to the attacker. When store-and-forward protocols are used (e.g., SMTP [RFC5321]), intermediaries leave this data subject to observation by an attacker that has compromised these intermediaries, unless the data is encrypted end to end by the application-layer protocol or the implementation uses an encrypted store for this data [RFC7624].

示例:不加密有效负载的协议使通信的全部内容可供理想化的攻击者沿其路径使用[RFC7624]。按照[RFC3365]中的建议,大多数此类协议都有一个安全变体,用于加密有效负载以实现机密性,并且这些安全变体的部署范围越来越广。值得注意的例外是DNS[RFC1035],因为DNSSEC[RFC4033]没有保密要求。这意味着,在IETF的DNS专用交换(DPRIVE)工作组目前正在开发的协议没有更改的情况下,攻击者可以使用由任何协议的活动生成的所有DNS查询和答案。当使用存储和转发协议(例如SMTP[RFC5321])时,除非数据由应用层协议端到端加密,或者实现对该数据使用加密存储[RFC7624],否则中间层会让已破坏这些中间层的攻击者对该数据进行观察。

Impacts:

影响:

- Right to privacy

- 隐私权

- Right to security

- 担保权

6.2.16. Integrity
6.2.16. 诚实正直

Questions:

问题:

- Does your protocol maintain, assure, and/or verify the accuracy of payload data?

- 您的协议是否维护、确保和/或验证有效负载数据的准确性?

- Does your protocol maintain and assure the consistency of data?

- 您的协议是否维护并确保数据的一致性?

- Does your protocol in any way allow the data to be (intentionally or unintentionally) altered?

- 您的协议是否允许(有意或无意)更改数据?

Explanation: "Integrity" refers to the maintenance and assurance of the accuracy and consistency of data to ensure that it has not been (intentionally or unintentionally) altered.

说明:“完整性”是指维护和保证数据的准确性和一致性,以确保数据未被(有意或无意)更改。

Example: Integrity verification of data is important for preventing vulnerabilities and attacks such as man-in-the-middle attacks. These attacks happen when a third party (often for malicious reasons) intercepts a communication between two parties, inserting themselves in the middle and changing the content of the data. In practice, this looks as follows:

示例:数据的完整性验证对于防止漏洞和攻击(如中间人攻击)非常重要。当第三方(通常出于恶意)拦截两方之间的通信,将它们插入中间并改变数据的内容时,就会发生这些攻击。实际上,情况如下所示:

Alice wants to communicate with Bob. Corinne forges and sends a message to Bob, impersonating Alice. Bob cannot see that the data from Alice was altered by Corinne. Corinne intercepts and alters the communication as it is sent between Alice and Bob. Corinne is able to control the communication content.

爱丽丝想和鲍勃交流。科琳娜假装爱丽丝,伪造并向鲍勃发送了一条信息。鲍勃看不出爱丽丝的数据被科琳改变了。科琳截获并更改了爱丽丝和鲍勃之间发送的通信。科琳能够控制通信内容。

Impacts:

影响:

- Right to freedom of expression

- 言论自由权

- Right to security

- 担保权

6.2.17. Authenticity
6.2.17. 真实性

Questions:

问题:

- Do you have sufficient measures in place to confirm the truth of an attribute of an entity or of a single piece of data?

- 您是否有足够的措施来确认实体或单个数据的属性的真实性?

- Can attributes get garbled along the way (see Section 6.2.4 ("Security"))?

- 属性是否会在过程中被混淆(参见第6.2.4节(“安全”)?

- If relevant, have you implemented IPsec, DNSSEC, HTTPS, and other standard security best practices?

- 如果相关,您是否实施了IPsec、DNSSEC、HTTPS和其他标准安全最佳实践?

Explanation: Authenticity ensures that data does indeed come from the source it claims to come from. This is important for preventing (1) certain attacks or (2) unauthorized access to, and use of, data.

说明:真实性确保数据确实来自其声称的来源。这对于防止(1)某些攻击或(2)未经授权访问和使用数据非常重要。

Example: Authentication of data is important for preventing vulnerabilities and attacks such as man-in-the-middle attacks. These attacks happen when a third party (often for malicious reasons) intercepts a communication between two parties, inserting themselves in the middle and posing as both parties. In practice, this looks as follows:

示例:数据身份验证对于防止漏洞和攻击(如中间人攻击)非常重要。这些攻击发生在第三方(通常出于恶意的原因)拦截双方之间的通信,插入自己在中间,并提出双方。实际上,情况如下所示:

Alice wants to communicate with Bob. Alice sends data to Bob. Corinne intercepts the data sent to Bob. Corinne reads and alters the message to Bob. Bob cannot see that the data did not come from Alice but instead came from Corinne.

爱丽丝想和鲍勃交流。爱丽丝向鲍勃发送数据。科琳截取发送给鲍勃的数据。科琳读了这封信,并把它改给鲍勃。鲍勃看不出数据不是来自爱丽丝,而是来自科琳。

When there is proper authentication, the scenario would be as follows:

当存在适当的身份验证时,场景如下所示:

Alice wants to communicate with Bob. Alice sends data to Bob. Corinne intercepts the data sent to Bob. Corinne reads and alters the message to Bob. Bob can see that the data did not come from Alice but instead came from Corinne.

爱丽丝想和鲍勃交流。爱丽丝向鲍勃发送数据。科琳截取发送给鲍勃的数据。科琳读了这封信,并把它改给鲍勃。Bob可以看出数据不是来自Alice,而是来自Corinne。

Impacts:

影响:

- Right to privacy

- 隐私权

- Right to freedom of expression

- 言论自由权

- Right to security

- 担保权

6.2.18. Adaptability
6.2.18. 适应性

Questions:

问题:

- Is your protocol written in such a way that it would be easy for other protocols to be developed on top of it or to interact with it?

- 您的协议是以这样一种方式编写的,即在它之上开发其他协议或与之交互是很容易的吗?

- Does your protocol impact permissionless innovation (see Section 6.2.1 ("Connectivity") above)?

- 您的协议是否影响无许可创新(见上文第6.2.1节(“连接”)?

Explanation: Adaptability is closely interrelated with permissionless innovation; both maintain the freedom and ability to freely create and deploy new protocols on top of the communications constructs that currently exist. Permissionless innovation is at the heart of the Internet as we know it. To maintain the Internet's fundamentally open nature and ensure that it can continue to develop, we need to be mindful of the impact of protocols on maintaining or reducing permissionless innovation.

说明:适应性与无许可创新密切相关;两者都保持在现有通信结构之上自由创建和部署新协议的自由和能力。正如我们所知,无许可创新是互联网的核心。为了保持互联网的基本开放性并确保其能够继续发展,我们需要注意协议对维持或减少无许可创新的影响。

Example: WebRTC generates audio and/or video data. In order to ensure that WebRTC can be used in different locations by different parties, it is important that standard JavaScript APIs be developed to support applications from different voice service providers. Multiple parties will have similar capabilities; in order to ensure that all parties can build upon existing standards, these standards need to be adaptable and allow for permissionless innovation.

示例:WebRTC生成音频和/或视频数据。为了确保WebRTC可以由不同的方在不同的位置使用,开发标准JavaScript API以支持来自不同语音服务提供商的应用程序非常重要。多方将具有类似的能力;为了确保各方都能在现有标准的基础上发展,这些标准需要具有适应性,并允许无许可创新。

Impacts:

影响:

- Right to education

- 受教育权

- Right to freedom of expression

- 言论自由权

- Right to freedom of assembly and association

- 集会和结社自由权

6.2.19. Outcome Transparency
6.2.19. 成果透明度

Question:

问题:

- Are the effects of your protocol fully and easily comprehensible, including with respect to unintended consequences of protocol choices?

- 您的协议的影响是否完全且易于理解,包括协议选择的意外后果?

Explanation: Certain technical choices may have unintended consequences.

说明:某些技术选择可能会产生意想不到的后果。

Example: Lack of authenticity may lead to lack of integrity and negative externalities; spam is an example. Lack of data that could be used for billing and accounting can lead to so-called "free" arrangements that obscure the actual costs and distribution of the costs -- for example, (1) the barter arrangements that are commonly used for Internet interconnection and (2) the commercial exploitation of personal data for targeted advertising, which is the most common funding model for the so-called "free" services such as search engines and social networks.

例如:缺乏真实性可能导致缺乏完整性和负外部性;垃圾邮件就是一个例子。缺乏可用于计费和会计的数据可能导致所谓的“免费”安排,模糊了实际成本和成本分配——例如,(1)互联网互联常用的易货安排和(2)将个人数据用于商业目的的定向广告,这是搜索引擎和社交网络等所谓“免费”服务最常见的融资模式。

Impacts:

影响:

- Right to freedom of expression

- 言论自由权

- Right to privacy

- 隐私权

- Right to freedom of assembly and association

- 集会和结社自由权

- Right to access to information

- 获得信息的权利

7. Security Considerations
7. 安全考虑

As this document discusses research, there are no security considerations.

正如本文讨论的研究一样,没有安全考虑。

8. IANA Considerations
8. IANA考虑

This document does not require any IANA actions.

本文件不要求IANA采取任何行动。

9. Research Group Information
9. 研究组信息

The discussion list for the IRTF Human Rights Protocol Considerations Research Group is located at the email address <hrpc@ietf.org>. Information on the group and information on how to subscribe to the list are provided at <https://www.irtf.org/mailman/listinfo/hrpc>.

IRTF人权议定书考虑研究小组的讨论列表位于电子邮件地址<hrpc@ietf.org>. 有关该组的信息以及如何订阅该列表的信息,请参见<https://www.irtf.org/mailman/listinfo/hrpc>.

Archives of the list can be found at <https://www.irtf.org/mail-archive/web/hrpc/current/index.html>.

该名单的档案可在以下网址找到:<https://www.irtf.org/mail-archive/web/hrpc/current/index.html>.

10. Informative References
10. 资料性引用

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[RFC791]Postel,J.,“互联网协议”,STD 5,RFC 791,DOI 10.17487/RFC07911981年9月<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc791>.

[RFC793] Postel, J., "Transmission Control Protocol", STD 7, RFC 793, DOI 10.17487/RFC0793, September 1981, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc793>.

[RFC793]Postel,J.,“传输控制协议”,标准7,RFC 793,DOI 10.17487/RFC0793,1981年9月<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc793>.

[RFC894] Hornig, C., "A Standard for the Transmission of IP Datagrams over Ethernet Networks", STD 41, RFC 894, DOI 10.17487/RFC0894, April 1984, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc894>.

[RFC894]Hornig,C.,“通过以太网传输IP数据报的标准”,STD 41,RFC 894,DOI 10.17487/RFC0894,1984年4月<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc894>.

[RFC1035] Mockapetris, P., "Domain names - implementation and specification", STD 13, RFC 1035, DOI 10.17487/RFC1035, November 1987, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc1035>.

[RFC1035]Mockapetris,P.,“域名-实现和规范”,STD 13,RFC 1035,DOI 10.17487/RFC1035,1987年11月<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc1035>.

[RFC1122] Braden, R., Ed., "Requirements for Internet Hosts - Communication Layers", STD 3, RFC 1122, DOI 10.17487/RFC1122, October 1989, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc1122>.

[RFC1122]Braden,R.,Ed.“互联网主机的要求-通信层”,STD 3,RFC 1122,DOI 10.17487/RFC1122,1989年10月<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc1122>.

[RFC1958] Carpenter, B., Ed., "Architectural Principles of the Internet", RFC 1958, DOI 10.17487/RFC1958, June 1996, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc1958>.

[RFC1958]Carpenter,B.,Ed.,“互联网的架构原则”,RFC 1958,DOI 10.17487/RFC19581996年6月<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc1958>.

[RFC1984] IAB and IESG, "IAB and IESG Statement on Cryptographic Technology and the Internet", BCP 200, RFC 1984, DOI 10.17487/RFC1984, August 1996, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc1984>.

[RFC1984]IAB和IESG,“IAB和IESG关于加密技术和互联网的声明”,BCP 200,RFC 1984,DOI 10.17487/RFC1984,1996年8月<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc1984>.

[RFC2026] Bradner, S., "The Internet Standards Process -- Revision 3", BCP 9, RFC 2026, DOI 10.17487/RFC2026, October 1996, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2026>.

[RFC2026]Bradner,S.,“互联网标准过程——第3版”,BCP 9,RFC 2026,DOI 10.17487/RFC2026,1996年10月<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2026>.

[RFC2277] Alvestrand, H., "IETF Policy on Character Sets and Languages", BCP 18, RFC 2277, DOI 10.17487/RFC2277, January 1998, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2277>.

[RFC2277]Alvestrand,H.,“IETF字符集和语言政策”,BCP 18,RFC 2277,DOI 10.17487/RFC2277,1998年1月<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2277>.

[RFC2775] Carpenter, B., "Internet Transparency", RFC 2775, DOI 10.17487/RFC2775, February 2000, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2775>.

[RFC2775]Carpenter,B.,“互联网透明度”,RFC 2775,DOI 10.17487/RFC2775,2000年2月<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2775>.

[RFC3022] Srisuresh, P. and K. Egevang, "Traditional IP Network Address Translator (Traditional NAT)", RFC 3022, DOI 10.17487/RFC3022, January 2001, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3022>.

[RFC3022]Srisuresh,P.和K.Egevang,“传统IP网络地址转换器(传统NAT)”,RFC 3022,DOI 10.17487/RFC3022,2001年1月<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3022>.

[RFC3365] Schiller, J., "Strong Security Requirements for Internet Engineering Task Force Standard Protocols", BCP 61, RFC 3365, DOI 10.17487/RFC3365, August 2002, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3365>.

[RFC3365]Schiller,J.,“互联网工程任务组标准协议的强大安全要求”,BCP 61,RFC 3365,DOI 10.17487/RFC3365,2002年8月<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3365>.

[RFC3439] Bush, R. and D. Meyer, "Some Internet Architectural Guidelines and Philosophy", RFC 3439, DOI 10.17487/RFC3439, December 2002, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3439>.

[RFC3439]Bush,R.和D.Meyer,“一些互联网架构指南和哲学”,RFC 3439,DOI 10.17487/RFC3439,2002年12月<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3439>.

[RFC3536] Hoffman, P., "Terminology Used in Internationalization in the IETF", RFC 3536, DOI 10.17487/RFC3536, May 2003, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3536>.

[RFC3536]Hoffman,P.,“IETF国际化中使用的术语”,RFC 3536,DOI 10.17487/RFC3536,2003年5月<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3536>.

[RFC3724] Kempf, J., Ed., Austein, R., Ed., and IAB, "The Rise of the Middle and the Future of End-to-End: Reflections on the Evolution of the Internet Architecture", RFC 3724, DOI 10.17487/RFC3724, March 2004, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3724>.

[RFC3724]Kempf,J.,Ed.,Austein,R.,Ed.,和IAB,“中间崛起和端到端的未来:对互联网架构演变的思考”,RFC 3724DOI 10.17487/RFC37242004年3月<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3724>.

[RFC3935] Alvestrand, H., "A Mission Statement for the IETF", BCP 95, RFC 3935, DOI 10.17487/RFC3935, October 2004, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3935>.

[RFC3935]Alvestrand,H.,“IETF的使命声明”,BCP 95,RFC 3935,DOI 10.17487/RFC3935,2004年10月<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3935>.

[RFC4033] Arends, R., Austein, R., Larson, M., Massey, D., and S. Rose, "DNS Security Introduction and Requirements", RFC 4033, DOI 10.17487/RFC4033, March 2005, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4033>.

[RFC4033]Arends,R.,Austein,R.,Larson,M.,Massey,D.,和S.Rose,“DNS安全介绍和要求”,RFC 4033,DOI 10.17487/RFC4033,2005年3月<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4033>.

[RFC4084] Klensin, J., "Terminology for Describing Internet Connectivity", BCP 104, RFC 4084, DOI 10.17487/RFC4084, May 2005, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4084>.

[RFC4084]Klensin,J.,“描述互联网连接的术语”,BCP 104,RFC 4084,DOI 10.17487/RFC4084,2005年5月<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4084>.

[RFC4101] Rescorla, E. and IAB, "Writing Protocol Models", RFC 4101, DOI 10.17487/RFC4101, June 2005, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4101>.

[RFC4101]Rescorla,E.和IAB,“编写协议模型”,RFC 4101,DOI 10.17487/RFC4101,2005年6月<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4101>.

[RFC4941] Narten, T., Draves, R., and S. Krishnan, "Privacy Extensions for Stateless Address Autoconfiguration in IPv6", RFC 4941, DOI 10.17487/RFC4941, September 2007, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4941>.

[RFC4941]Narten,T.,Draves,R.,和S.Krishnan,“IPv6中无状态地址自动配置的隐私扩展”,RFC 4941,DOI 10.17487/RFC49411907年9月<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4941>.

[RFC4949] Shirey, R., "Internet Security Glossary, Version 2", FYI 36, RFC 4949, DOI 10.17487/RFC4949, August 2007, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4949>.

[RFC4949]Shirey,R.,“互联网安全词汇表,第2版”,FYI 36,RFC 4949,DOI 10.17487/RFC4949,2007年8月<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4949>.

[RFC5246] Dierks, T. and E. Rescorla, "The Transport Layer Security (TLS) Protocol Version 1.2", RFC 5246, DOI 10.17487/RFC5246, August 2008, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5246>.

[RFC5246]Dierks,T.和E.Rescorla,“传输层安全(TLS)协议版本1.2”,RFC 5246,DOI 10.17487/RFC5246,2008年8月<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5246>.

[RFC5321] Klensin, J., "Simple Mail Transfer Protocol", RFC 5321, DOI 10.17487/RFC5321, October 2008, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5321>.

[RFC5321]Klensin,J.,“简单邮件传输协议”,RFC 5321DOI 10.17487/RFC5321,2008年10月<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5321>.

[RFC5646] Phillips, A., Ed., and M. Davis, Ed., "Tags for Identifying Languages", BCP 47, RFC 5646, DOI 10.17487/RFC5646, September 2009, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5646>.

[RFC5646]Phillips,A.,Ed.,和M.Davis,Ed.,“识别语言的标签”,BCP 47,RFC 5646,DOI 10.17487/RFC5646,2009年9月<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5646>.

[RFC5694] Camarillo, G., Ed., and IAB, "Peer-to-Peer (P2P) Architecture: Definition, Taxonomies, Examples, and Applicability", RFC 5694, DOI 10.17487/RFC5694, November 2009, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5694>.

[RFC5694]Camarillo,G.,Ed.,和IAB,“对等(P2P)架构:定义、分类、示例和适用性”,RFC 5694,DOI 10.17487/RFC56942009年11月<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5694>.

[RFC5944] Perkins, C., Ed., "IP Mobility Support for IPv4, Revised", RFC 5944, DOI 10.17487/RFC5944, November 2010, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5944>.

[RFC5944]Perkins,C.,Ed.,“IPv4的IP移动性支持,修订版”,RFC 5944,DOI 10.17487/RFC59442010年11月<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5944>.

[RFC6101] Freier, A., Karlton, P., and P. Kocher, "The Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) Protocol Version 3.0", RFC 6101, DOI 10.17487/RFC6101, August 2011, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6101>.

[RFC6101]Freier,A.,Karlton,P.,和P.Kocher,“安全套接字层(SSL)协议版本3.0”,RFC 6101,DOI 10.17487/RFC6101,2011年8月<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6101>.

[RFC6108] Chung, C., Kasyanov, A., Livingood, J., Mody, N., and B. Van Lieu, "Comcast's Web Notification System Design", RFC 6108, DOI 10.17487/RFC6108, February 2011, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6108>.

[RFC6108]Chung,C.,Kasyanov,A.,Livingood,J.,Mody,N.,和B.Van Liue,“康卡斯特的网络通知系统设计”,RFC 6108,DOI 10.17487/RFC6108,2011年2月<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6108>.

[RFC6120] Saint-Andre, P., "Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol (XMPP): Core", RFC 6120, DOI 10.17487/RFC6120, March 2011, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6120>.

[RFC6120]Saint Andre,P.,“可扩展消息和状态协议(XMPP):核心”,RFC 6120,DOI 10.17487/RFC6120,2011年3月<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6120>.

[RFC6365] Hoffman, P. and J. Klensin, "Terminology Used in Internationalization in the IETF", BCP 166, RFC 6365, DOI 10.17487/RFC6365, September 2011, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6365>.

[RFC6365]Hoffman,P.和J.Klensin,“IETF国际化中使用的术语”,BCP 166,RFC 6365,DOI 10.17487/RFC6365,2011年9月<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6365>.

[RFC6698] Hoffman, P. and J. Schlyter, "The DNS-Based Authentication of Named Entities (DANE) Transport Layer Security (TLS) Protocol: TLSA", RFC 6698, DOI 10.17487/RFC6698, August 2012, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6698>.

[RFC6698]Hoffman,P.和J.Schlyter,“基于DNS的命名实体认证(DANE)传输层安全(TLS)协议:TLSA”,RFC 6698,DOI 10.17487/RFC6698,2012年8月<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6698>.

[RFC6701] Farrel, A. and P. Resnick, "Sanctions Available for Application to Violators of IETF IPR Policy", RFC 6701, DOI 10.17487/RFC6701, August 2012, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6701>.

[RFC6701]Farrel,A.和P.Resnick,“适用于违反IETF知识产权政策者的制裁”,RFC 6701,DOI 10.17487/RFC6701,2012年8月<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6701>.

[RFC6797] Hodges, J., Jackson, C., and A. Barth, "HTTP Strict Transport Security (HSTS)", RFC 6797, DOI 10.17487/RFC6797, November 2012, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6797>.

[RFC6797]Hodges,J.,Jackson,C.,和A.Barth,“HTTP严格传输安全(HSTS)”,RFC 6797,DOI 10.17487/RFC6797,2012年11月<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6797>.

[RFC6973] Cooper, A., Tschofenig, H., Aboba, B., Peterson, J., Morris, J., Hansen, M., and R. Smith, "Privacy Considerations for Internet Protocols", RFC 6973, DOI 10.17487/RFC6973, July 2013, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6973>.

[RFC6973]Cooper,A.,Tschofenig,H.,Aboba,B.,Peterson,J.,Morris,J.,Hansen,M.,和R.Smith,“互联网协议的隐私考虑”,RFC 6973,DOI 10.17487/RFC6973,2013年7月<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6973>.

[RFC7230] Fielding, R., Ed., and J. Reschke, Ed., "Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP/1.1): Message Syntax and Routing", RFC 7230, DOI 10.17487/RFC7230, June 2014, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7230>.

[RFC7230]Fielding,R.,Ed.,和J.Reschke,Ed.,“超文本传输协议(HTTP/1.1):消息语法和路由”,RFC 7230,DOI 10.17487/RFC7230,2014年6月<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7230>.

[RFC7231] Fielding, R., Ed., and J. Reschke, Ed., "Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP/1.1): Semantics and Content", RFC 7231, DOI 10.17487/RFC7231, June 2014, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7231>.

[RFC7231]Fielding,R.,Ed.,和J.Reschke,Ed.,“超文本传输协议(HTTP/1.1):语义和内容”,RFC 7231,DOI 10.17487/RFC72312014年6月<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7231>.

[RFC7232] Fielding, R., Ed., and J. Reschke, Ed., "Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP/1.1): Conditional Requests", RFC 7232, DOI 10.17487/RFC7232, June 2014, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7232>.

[RFC7232]Fielding,R.,Ed.,和J.Reschke,Ed.,“超文本传输协议(HTTP/1.1):条件请求”,RFC 7232,DOI 10.17487/RFC72322014年6月<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7232>.

[RFC7233] Fielding, R., Ed., Lafon, Y., Ed., and J. Reschke, Ed., "Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP/1.1): Range Requests", RFC 7233, DOI 10.17487/RFC7233, June 2014, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7233>.

[RFC7233]Fielding,R.,Ed.,Lafon,Y.,Ed.,和J.Reschke,Ed.,“超文本传输协议(HTTP/1.1):范围请求”,RFC 7233,DOI 10.17487/RFC7233,2014年6月<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7233>.

[RFC7234] Fielding, R., Ed., Nottingham, M., Ed., and J. Reschke, Ed., "Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP/1.1): Caching", RFC 7234, DOI 10.17487/RFC7234, June 2014, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7234>.

[RFC7234]Fielding,R.,Ed.,Nottingham,M.,Ed.,和J.Reschke,Ed.,“超文本传输协议(HTTP/1.1):缓存”,RFC 7234,DOI 10.17487/RFC72342014年6月<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7234>.

[RFC7235] Fielding, R., Ed., and J. Reschke, Ed., "Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP/1.1): Authentication", RFC 7235, DOI 10.17487/RFC7235, June 2014, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7235>.

[RFC7235]Fielding,R.,Ed.,和J.Reschke,Ed.,“超文本传输协议(HTTP/1.1):认证”,RFC 7235,DOI 10.17487/RFC7235,2014年6月<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7235>.

[RFC7236] Reschke, J., "Initial Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) Authentication Scheme Registrations", RFC 7236, DOI 10.17487/RFC7236, June 2014, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7236>.

[RFC7236]Reschke,J,“初始超文本传输协议(HTTP)认证方案注册”,RFC 7236,DOI 10.17487/RFC7236,2014年6月<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7236>.

[RFC7237] Reschke, J., "Initial Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) Method Registrations", RFC 7237, DOI 10.17487/RFC7237, June 2014, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7237>.

[RFC7237]Reschke,J,“初始超文本传输协议(HTTP)方法注册”,RFC 7237,DOI 10.17487/RFC7237,2014年6月<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7237>.

[RFC7258] Farrell, S. and H. Tschofenig, "Pervasive Monitoring Is an Attack", BCP 188, RFC 7258, DOI 10.17487/RFC7258, May 2014, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7258>.

[RFC7258]Farrell,S.和H.Tschofenig,“普遍监控是一种攻击”,BCP 188,RFC 7258,DOI 10.17487/RFC7258,2014年5月<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7258>.

[RFC7469] Evans, C., Palmer, C., and R. Sleevi, "Public Key Pinning Extension for HTTP", RFC 7469, DOI 10.17487/RFC7469, April 2015, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7469>.

[RFC7469]Evans,C.,Palmer,C.,和R.Sleevi,“HTTP的公钥锁定扩展”,RFC 7469,DOI 10.17487/RFC7469,2015年4月<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7469>.

[RFC7540] Belshe, M., Peon, R., and M. Thomson, Ed., "Hypertext Transfer Protocol Version 2 (HTTP/2)", RFC 7540, DOI 10.17487/RFC7540, May 2015, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7540>.

[RFC7540]Belshe,M.,Paon,R.,和M.Thomson,编辑,“超文本传输协议版本2(HTTP/2)”,RFC 7540,DOI 10.17487/RFC7540,2015年5月<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7540>.

[RFC7574] Bakker, A., Petrocco, R., and V. Grishchenko, "Peer-to-Peer Streaming Peer Protocol (PPSPP)", RFC 7574, DOI 10.17487/RFC7574, July 2015, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7574>.

[RFC7574]Bakker,A.,Petrocco,R.,和V.Grishchenko,“对等流媒体对等协议(PPSP)”,RFC 7574,DOI 10.17487/RFC7574,2015年7月<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7574>.

[RFC7624] Barnes, R., Schneier, B., Jennings, C., Hardie, T., Trammell, B., Huitema, C., and D. Borkmann, "Confidentiality in the Face of Pervasive Surveillance: A Threat Model and Problem Statement", RFC 7624, DOI 10.17487/RFC7624, August 2015, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7624>.

[RFC7624]Barnes,R.,Schneier,B.,Jennings,C.,Hardie,T.,Trammell,B.,Huitema,C.,和D.Borkmann,“面对普遍监视的保密性:威胁模型和问题陈述”,RFC 7624,DOI 10.17487/RFC76242015年8月<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7624>.

[RFC7626] Bortzmeyer, S., "DNS Privacy Considerations", RFC 7626, DOI 10.17487/RFC7626, August 2015, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7626>.

[RFC7626]Bortzmeyer,S.,“DNS隐私注意事项”,RFC 7626,DOI 10.17487/RFC7626,2015年8月<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7626>.

[RFC7725] Bray, T., "An HTTP Status Code to Report Legal Obstacles", RFC 7725, DOI 10.17487/RFC7725, February 2016, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7725>.

[RFC7725]Bray,T.,“报告法律障碍的HTTP状态代码”,RFC 7725,DOI 10.17487/RFC77252016年2月<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7725>.

[RFC7754] Barnes, R., Cooper, A., Kolkman, O., Thaler, D., and E. Nordmark, "Technical Considerations for Internet Service Blocking and Filtering", RFC 7754, DOI 10.17487/RFC7754, March 2016, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7754>.

[RFC7754]Barnes,R.,Cooper,A.,Kolkman,O.,Thaler,D.,和E.Nordmark,“互联网服务阻塞和过滤的技术考虑”,RFC 7754,DOI 10.17487/RFC7754,2016年3月<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7754>.

[RFC7858] Hu, Z., Zhu, L., Heidemann, J., Mankin, A., Wessels, D., and P. Hoffman, "Specification for DNS over Transport Layer Security (TLS)", RFC 7858, DOI 10.17487/RFC7858, May 2016, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7858>.

[RFC7858]Hu,Z.,Zhu,L.,Heidemann,J.,Mankin,A.,Wessels,D.,和P.Hoffman,“DNS传输层安全规范(TLS)”,RFC 7858,DOI 10.17487/RFC7858,2016年5月<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7858>.

[RFC8164] Nottingham, M. and M. Thomson, "Opportunistic Security for HTTP/2", RFC 8164, DOI 10.17487/RFC8164, May 2017, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8164>.

[RFC8164]诺丁汉,M.和M.汤姆森,“HTTP/2的机会主义安全”,RFC 8164,DOI 10.17487/RFC8164,2017年5月<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8164>.

[RFC8179] Bradner, S. and J. Contreras, "Intellectual Property Rights in IETF Technology", BCP 79, RFC 8179, DOI 10.17487/RFC8179, May 2017, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8179>.

[RFC8179]Bradner,S.和J.Contreras,“IETF技术中的知识产权”,BCP 79,RFC 8179,DOI 10.17487/RFC8179,2017年5月<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8179>.

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Acknowledgements

致谢

A special thanks to all members of the HRPC Research Group who contributed to this document. The following deserve a special mention:

特别感谢HRPC研究小组的所有成员,他们为本文件做出了贡献。以下几点值得特别提及:

- Joana Varon for helping draft the first iteration of the methodology and previous drafts, and for directing the film "Net of Rights" and working on the interviews at IETF 92 in Dallas.

- Joana Varon帮助起草了第一次迭代的方法和之前的草稿,导演了电影《权利网》,并在达拉斯IETF 92上进行了采访。

- Daniel Kahn Gillmor (dkg) for helping with the first iteration of the glossary (Section 2) as well as a lot of technical guidance, support, and language suggestions.

- Daniel Kahn Gillmor(dkg)帮助完成词汇表的第一次迭代(第2节),以及许多技术指导、支持和语言建议。

- Claudio Guarnieri for writing the first iterations of the case studies on VPNs, HTTP, and P2P.

- Claudio Guarnieri撰写了VPN、HTTP和P2P案例研究的第一次迭代。

- Will Scott for writing the first iterations of the case studies on DNS, IP, and XMPP.

- Will Scott感谢他撰写DNS、IP和XMPP案例研究的第一次迭代。

- Avri Doria for proposing writing a glossary in the first place, help with writing the initial proposals and Internet-Drafts, her reviews, and her contributions to the glossary.

- Avri Doria首先建议编写词汇表,帮助编写初始建议和互联网草案,她的评论,以及她对词汇表的贡献。

Thanks also to Stephane Bortzmeyer, John Curran, Barry Shein, Joe Hall, Joss Wright, Harry Halpin, and Tim Sammut, who made a lot of excellent suggestions, many of which found their way directly into the text. We want to thank Amelia Andersdotter, Stephen Farrell, Stephane Bortzmeyer, Shane Kerr, Giovane Moura, James Gannon, Alissa Cooper, Andrew Sullivan, S. Moonesamy, Roland Bless, and Scott Craig for their reviews and for testing the HRPC guidelines in the wild. We would also like to thank Molly Sauter, Arturo Filasto, Nathalie Marechal, Eleanor Saitta, Richard Hill, and all others who provided input on this document or the conceptualization of the idea. Thanks to Edward Snowden for his comments at IETF 93 in Prague regarding the impact of protocols on the rights of users.

还要感谢斯蒂芬·博茨迈耶、约翰·科伦、巴里·谢恩、乔·霍尔、乔斯·赖特、哈里·哈尔平和蒂姆·桑穆特,他们提出了许多非常好的建议,其中许多建议直接进入了文本。我们要感谢Amelia Andersdotter、Stephen Farrell、Stephane Bortzmeyer、Shane Kerr、Giovan Moura、James Gannon、Alissa Cooper、Andrew Sullivan、S.Moonesay、Roland Bless和Scott Craig的评论和在野外测试HRPC指南。我们还要感谢Molly Sauter、Arturo Filasto、Nathalie Marechal、Eleanor Saita、Richard Hill和所有其他为本文件或想法概念化提供意见的人。感谢Edward Snowden在布拉格IETF 93上就协议对用户权利的影响发表的评论。

Authors' Addresses

作者地址

Niels ten Oever ARTICLE 19

Niels ten Oever第19条

   Email: mail@nielstenoever.net
        
   Email: mail@nielstenoever.net
        

Corinne Cath Oxford Internet Institute

牛津互联网研究所

   Email: corinnecath@gmail.com
        
   Email: corinnecath@gmail.com